Heart Failure: Definition and Pathophysiology

Which of the following is not a cause of systolic heart failure?

Which NYHA functional classification indicates marked limitations in physical activity, but comfort at rest with shortness of breath (DOE) and with activity?

Which of the following is not a risk factor for heart failure with a lifetime risk double that of those with BP < 140/90 mmHg?

What is not a characteristic of diastolic heart failure?

What is not a globally significant cause of heart failure?

Which of the following is not a high-output state causing heart failure?

Which of the following is not a stage in the ACC/AHA staging of heart failure?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of systolic heart failure?

Which of the following is not a cause of diastolic heart failure?

Which of the following is not a symptom in NYHA functional classification Class 4?

Which stage of heart failure is characterized by marked symptoms that interfere with daily life and recurrent hospitalizations?

What is the most common cause of right heart failure?

Which medication is recommended for patients with symptomatic HFrEF and normal sinus rhythm with HR > 70 bpm or maximally tolerated BB?

Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate the size of chambers and valve function in the heart?

What is the most common symptom of right heart failure?

Which medication is recommended for patients with HFpEF?

What is the recommended treatment for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and pulmonary congestion?

Which medication is recommended for patients with NYHA II-IV; LVEF < 45%; IV diuretics, and elevated BNP levels?

Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate the ejection fraction and valve function in the heart?

Which medication is recommended for patients with HFrEF and recurrent hospitalizations?

What is the most common disease of the pericardium characterized by chest pain, friction rub, EKG changes, and pericardial effusion?

Which examination technique is best for detecting the pericardial friction rub associated with acute pericarditis?

Which of the following symptoms may be experienced by a patient with pericarditis and can sometimes be relieved by sitting up and leaning forward?

Which medication is recommended for treating acute pericarditis with a dosage range of 2-4 gm per day?

Which diagnostic finding on an EKG is commonly associated with acute pericarditis?

What is the recommended approach if a patient with suspected exudative pericardial effusion has features suggestive of fungal infection?

Which medication should be avoided in patients with acute pericarditis to prevent bleeding into the pericardium?

What is the main reason for closely monitoring patients with acute pericarditis for the development of cardiac effusion?

Which class of medications is used for treating acute pericarditis and can be given alongside anti-inflammatory drugs?

What imaging techniques are more sensitive and specific for diagnosing a thickened pericardium?

What is the primary treatment for severe cases of pericardial thickening?

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with other pericardial disorders?

What is the most common secondary tumor associated with pericardial disorders?

Which of the following is a major criterion in Duke's criteria for diagnosing endocarditis?

Which of the following is considered a minor criterion in Duke's criteria for diagnosing endocarditis?

Which finding is NOT a major arterial phenomenon associated with infective endocarditis?

Which antibiotic is usually recommended as first-line prophylaxis for endocarditis in patients allergic to Penicillin?

Which procedure may be needed for both native and prosthetic valve infections in patients with endocarditis?

In what patients is infective endocarditis prophylaxis suggested based on the risk of adverse outcomes?

What condition is characterized by an accumulation of fluid that is obstructive to blood flowing into ventricles and restricts heart motion?

Which condition is often associated with pleural effusions and pneumonitis, and typically develops fever and chest pain 10-12 days after a viral illness?

Which condition may be characterized by an electrical alternans, which is a variation in the size of QRS complexes as the heart swings back and forth in a large fluid-filled pericardium?

Which condition is characterized by elevated JVD, weakness, fatigue, weight gain, increased abdominal girth, abdominal discomfort, and edema?

Which condition is characterized by low voltage and electrical alternans on EKG, and may lead to cardiac tamponade if effusion develops quickly?

Which condition is characterized by an immune system response after damage to heart tissue or to the pericardium, from events such as MI, surgery, or traumatic injury?

Which condition may be characterized by an absence of thickened pericardium and calcification, and may require transesophageal echocardiography, CT, or cardiac MRI for diagnosis?

Which condition may be characterized by a variation in the size of QRS complexes as the heart swings back and forth in a large fluid-filled pericardium?

Which condition is characterized by an exaggerated fall in systolic blood pressure with inspiration (usually greater than 10 mm) and may not have pulsus paradoxus in low-pressure tamponade?

Which condition is characterized by the absence of thickened pericardium and calcification, and may require transesophageal echocardiography, CT, or cardiac MRI for diagnosis?

Which type of heart failure is characterized by the failure of relaxation to fill the chambers with blood?

What is the most common cause of systolic heart failure?

Which condition is a major cause of heart failure globally?

In NYHA functional classification, which class indicates marked limitations in physical activity but comfort at rest but discomfort with exertion?

What is the primary cause of right heart failure?

Which disease may lead to high-output states contributing to heart failure in the early stage?

What is the main reason for closely monitoring patients with acute pericarditis for the development of cardiac effusion?

Which stage in ACC/AHA staging of heart failure indicates being at risk for HF but without current or previous symptoms?

What is responsible for causing diastolic heart failure due to decreased compliance of the left ventricular wall?

Which condition leads to systolic heart failure due to an inefficient myocardium leading to overload?

What is the primary cause of right heart failure?

Which diagnostic test is most suitable for evaluating the ejection fraction and valve function in the heart?

Which lifestyle modification is NOT recommended for managing heart failure?

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with left heart failure?

Which medication is recommended for patients with NYHA II-III symptomatic HFrEF?

What is a characteristic symptom of late-stage heart failure known as cardiac cachexia?

Which diagnostic test is used to assess the size of chambers and valve function in the heart?

What is a common symptom of both left and right heart failure?