67 Questions
Which of the following is not a cause of systolic heart failure?
Cor Pulmonale
Which NYHA functional classification indicates marked limitations in physical activity, but comfort at rest with shortness of breath (DOE) and with activity?
Class 3
Which of the following is not a risk factor for heart failure with a lifetime risk double that of those with BP < 140/90 mmHg?
BP > 120/80 mmHg
What is not a characteristic of diastolic heart failure?
Pumping ability of the ventricle is impaired
What is not a globally significant cause of heart failure?
Congenital heart disease
Which of the following is not a high-output state causing heart failure?
Hypertension
Which of the following is not a stage in the ACC/AHA staging of heart failure?
Stage D
Which of the following is not a characteristic of systolic heart failure?
EF is typically normal or elevated
Which of the following is not a cause of diastolic heart failure?
Hypotension
Which of the following is not a symptom in NYHA functional classification Class 4?
Comfortable at rest
Which stage of heart failure is characterized by marked symptoms that interfere with daily life and recurrent hospitalizations?
Stage D
What is the most common cause of right heart failure?
Left heart failure
Which medication is recommended for patients with symptomatic HFrEF and normal sinus rhythm with HR > 70 bpm or maximally tolerated BB?
Ivabradine (Corlanor)
Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate the size of chambers and valve function in the heart?
Echocardiogram
What is the most common symptom of right heart failure?
Peripheral edema
Which medication is recommended for patients with HFpEF?
SGLT2I
What is the recommended treatment for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and pulmonary congestion?
IV Vasodilators
Which medication is recommended for patients with NYHA II-IV; LVEF < 45%; IV diuretics, and elevated BNP levels?
Vericiguat (Verquvo)
Which diagnostic test is used to evaluate the ejection fraction and valve function in the heart?
Echocardiogram
Which medication is recommended for patients with HFrEF and recurrent hospitalizations?
Vericiguat (Verquvo)
What is the most common disease of the pericardium characterized by chest pain, friction rub, EKG changes, and pericardial effusion?
Acute Pericarditis
Which examination technique is best for detecting the pericardial friction rub associated with acute pericarditis?
Sitting upright and leaning forward
Which of the following symptoms may be experienced by a patient with pericarditis and can sometimes be relieved by sitting up and leaning forward?
Pleuritic chest pain exacerbated by coughing
Which medication is recommended for treating acute pericarditis with a dosage range of 2-4 gm per day?
Aspirin
Which diagnostic finding on an EKG is commonly associated with acute pericarditis?
Diffuse ST-segment elevations
What is the recommended approach if a patient with suspected exudative pericardial effusion has features suggestive of fungal infection?
Tap the effusion and obtain cultures
Which medication should be avoided in patients with acute pericarditis to prevent bleeding into the pericardium?
Warfarin
What is the main reason for closely monitoring patients with acute pericarditis for the development of cardiac effusion?
To detect early signs of tamponade
Which class of medications is used for treating acute pericarditis and can be given alongside anti-inflammatory drugs?
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
What imaging techniques are more sensitive and specific for diagnosing a thickened pericardium?
CT and MRI
What is the primary treatment for severe cases of pericardial thickening?
Surgical excision
Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with other pericardial disorders?
Endocarditis
What is the most common secondary tumor associated with pericardial disorders?
Lung cancer
Which of the following is a major criterion in Duke's criteria for diagnosing endocarditis?
Positive blood cultures for infective endocarditis
Which of the following is considered a minor criterion in Duke's criteria for diagnosing endocarditis?
Predisposing heart condition or intravenous drug use
Which finding is NOT a major arterial phenomenon associated with infective endocarditis?
Osler nodes
Which antibiotic is usually recommended as first-line prophylaxis for endocarditis in patients allergic to Penicillin?
Clindamycin
Which procedure may be needed for both native and prosthetic valve infections in patients with endocarditis?
Valve repair surgery (native) or valve removal and replacement (both native and prosthetic)
In what patients is infective endocarditis prophylaxis suggested based on the risk of adverse outcomes?
Patients with prosthetic heart valves or a prior history of infective endocarditis
What condition is characterized by an accumulation of fluid that is obstructive to blood flowing into ventricles and restricts heart motion?
Cardiac tamponade
Which condition is often associated with pleural effusions and pneumonitis, and typically develops fever and chest pain 10-12 days after a viral illness?
Acute pericarditis of viral or idiopathic origin
Which condition may be characterized by an electrical alternans, which is a variation in the size of QRS complexes as the heart swings back and forth in a large fluid-filled pericardium?
Pericardial effusion
Which condition is characterized by elevated JVD, weakness, fatigue, weight gain, increased abdominal girth, abdominal discomfort, and edema?
Chronic constrictive pericarditis
Which condition is characterized by low voltage and electrical alternans on EKG, and may lead to cardiac tamponade if effusion develops quickly?
Pericardial effusion
Which condition is characterized by an immune system response after damage to heart tissue or to the pericardium, from events such as MI, surgery, or traumatic injury?
Dressler's syndrome
Which condition may be characterized by an absence of thickened pericardium and calcification, and may require transesophageal echocardiography, CT, or cardiac MRI for diagnosis?
Pericardial effusion with RV collapse during diastole
Which condition may be characterized by a variation in the size of QRS complexes as the heart swings back and forth in a large fluid-filled pericardium?
Pericardial effusion
Which condition is characterized by an exaggerated fall in systolic blood pressure with inspiration (usually greater than 10 mm) and may not have pulsus paradoxus in low-pressure tamponade?
Cardiac tamponade
Which condition is characterized by the absence of thickened pericardium and calcification, and may require transesophageal echocardiography, CT, or cardiac MRI for diagnosis?
Pericardial effusion with RV collapse during diastole
Which type of heart failure is characterized by the failure of relaxation to fill the chambers with blood?
Diastolic heart failure
What is the most common cause of systolic heart failure?
Ischemia/CAD
Which condition is a major cause of heart failure globally?
Chagas disease
In NYHA functional classification, which class indicates marked limitations in physical activity but comfort at rest but discomfort with exertion?
Class 3 (moderate)
What is the primary cause of right heart failure?
Pulmonary HTN
Which disease may lead to high-output states contributing to heart failure in the early stage?
Sepsis
What is the main reason for closely monitoring patients with acute pericarditis for the development of cardiac effusion?
To prevent cardiac tamponade
Which stage in ACC/AHA staging of heart failure indicates being at risk for HF but without current or previous symptoms?
Stage A
What is responsible for causing diastolic heart failure due to decreased compliance of the left ventricular wall?
HTN
Which condition leads to systolic heart failure due to an inefficient myocardium leading to overload?
High-Output States
What is the primary cause of right heart failure?
Volume overload
Which diagnostic test is most suitable for evaluating the ejection fraction and valve function in the heart?
Echocardiogram
Which lifestyle modification is NOT recommended for managing heart failure?
Weight loss (BMI < 18.5)
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with left heart failure?
Cool extremities
Which medication is recommended for patients with NYHA II-III symptomatic HFrEF?
Ivabradine (Corlanor)
What is a characteristic symptom of late-stage heart failure known as cardiac cachexia?
Muscle mass wasting
Which diagnostic test is used to assess the size of chambers and valve function in the heart?
Echocardiogram
What is a common symptom of both left and right heart failure?
Tachycardia
Learn about the definition of heart failure as a physiological state when cardiac output is insufficient for the body’s needs. Explore the pathophysiology of heart failure caused by conditions that reduce the efficiency of the myocardium. Understand the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure measured using EF.
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