Pathophysiology (2024) Exam 1 Study Guide
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between morbidity and mortality?

  • Morbidity refers to surviving a disease, while mortality refers to succumbing to a disease.
  • Morbidity refers to the prevalence of a disease in a population, while mortality refers to the number of deaths caused by a disease. (correct)
  • Morbidity refers to the number of deaths in a population, while mortality refers to the number of individuals affected by a disease.
  • Morbidity refers to the number of diseases in a population, while mortality refers to the number of deaths in a specific group.

    • What gene did Angelina Jolie have and what decision did she make because of it?

  • BRCA1 gene; she decided to undergo a preventive double mastectomy and ovary removal. (correct)
  • BRCA2 gene; she decided to ignore the genetic risk.
  • BRCA1 gene; she decided to undergo more frequent health check-ups.
  • TP53 gene; she decided to alter her lifestyle.

    • What is considered the normal heart rate?

  • 80 beats per minute (correct)
  • 100 beats per minute
  • 120 beats per minute
  • 60 beats per minute

    • What does 'white coat syndrome' refer to?

    <p>An anxiety disorder where blood pressure is higher in medical settings than in other settings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of hypoxia?

    <p>Decreased oxygen utilization by tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage?

    <p>Chromosomal abnormalities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 stages of stress?

    <p>Alarm, resistance, exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best known example of trisomy?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common trisomy among miscarried fetuses?

    <p>Trisomy 13</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best-known lysosomal storage disorder?

    <p>Tay-Sachs disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Are identifiable syndromes described using a formula or equation?

    <p>No, they are described based on symptoms only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity involves antibodies produced by B cells, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells directly attacking infected cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Heat, pain, redness, and swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

    <p>Fever, increased heart rate, fatigue, and elevated white blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the complications of inflammation?

    <p>Sepsis, organ failure, septic shock, and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is RICE in the context of treatment?

    <p>Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the two-step process required to become allergic to a substance?

    <p>Sensitization followed by exposure to the allergen triggering an immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the little boy in the scenario allergic to?

    <p>Peanuts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do they test for allergies?

    <p>Skin prick test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 steps in research?

    <p>Hypothesis, Experiment, Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'white coat syndrome' often associated with?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder did Angelina Jolie have a gene for?

    <p>BRCA1 mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the normal heart rate for adults at rest?

    <p>60-100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 3 major areas of study suggesting the causes of aging?

    <p>Emotional factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe identifiable syndromes based on a specific formula or pattern?

    <p>Syndrome algorithm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the two main causes of congenital disorders?

    <p>Genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal life span for women?

    <p>Around 80 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following genetic disorders is characterized by symptoms appearing in early adulthood and causing cognitive decline?

    <p>Huntington's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the white coat syndrome in the context of health?

    <p>An anxiety-related condition causing elevated blood pressure in clinical settings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the research process for studying genetic disorders?

    <p>Analyzing environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal heart rate in adults at rest?

    <p>$60-80$ beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you review and be able to discuss regarding multifactorial inheritance disorders?

    <p>Symptoms and diagnostic tests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is mentioned as a mitochondrial DNA disorder in the text?

    <p>Myoclonic epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

    <p>Target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Pain, heat, redness, swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't aspirin be given to children?

    <p>It can lead to Reye's syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RICE stand for in the context of treatment?

    <p><strong>Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the little boy in the scenario allergic to?

    <p><strong>Peanuts</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NSAIDs?

    <p><strong>Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

    <p><strong>Increased blood pressure, weight gain, mood changes</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the normal heart rate?

    <p><strong>60-100 beats per minute</strong></p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

    <p>Humoral immunity involves B cells and antibodies, while cell mediated immunity involves T cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can't aspirin be given to children?

    <p>Aspirin can cause Reye's syndrome in children, a severe condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three steps in research that are mentioned in the text?

    <p>Formulation of question, data collection, interpretation of results</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal heart rate for adults at rest?

    <p>60-100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which genetic disorder is characterized by symptoms appearing in early adulthood and causing cognitive decline?

    <p>Myoclonic epilepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'white coat syndrome' refer to?

    <p>An anxiety-related increase in blood pressure during a medical visit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What organization in the USA collects information and makes recommendations?

    <p>CDC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What gene did Angelina Jolie have and what decision did she make because of it?

    <p>BRCA1; she underwent a preventive double mastectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 steps in research mentioned in the text?

    <p>Hypothesis, Experimentation, Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal heart rate?

    <p>60-100 bpm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between morbidity and mortality?

    <p>Morbidity is the number of sick individuals, mortality is the death rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the criteria for brain death?

    <p>No heart rate or breathing, no reflexes or response to pain, flat EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four common biochemical themes related to cellular response to stress, injury, and aging?

    <p>Inflammation, Apoptosis, Autophagy, Oxidative stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a double-blind study?

    <p>A study where neither the researchers nor the participants know who is receiving the treatment or placebo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the normal life span for men?

    <p>75-80 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 3 major areas of study suggesting the causes of aging?

    <p>Genetics, Environment, Diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

    <p>Redness, Swelling, Heat, Pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe identifiable syndromes based on a specific formula or pattern?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal heart rate for adults at rest?

    <p>60-100 beats per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main causes of congenital disorders?

    <p>Genetic and Environmental Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the research process for studying genetic disorders?

    <p>Genetic Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of mental retardation and miscarriage?

    <p>Trisomy 21</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are NSAIDs?

    <p>Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that reduce pain and inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does RICE stand for in the context of treatment?

    <p>Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation</p> Signup and view all the answers

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