Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the cell of origin for melanoma?
What is the cell of origin for melanoma?
Which of the following is NOT a possible primary site for melanoma?
Which of the following is NOT a possible primary site for melanoma?
Which complication is commonly associated with liver cirrhosis?
Which complication is commonly associated with liver cirrhosis?
What staining technique is used to identify fibrous tissue in early cirrhosis?
What staining technique is used to identify fibrous tissue in early cirrhosis?
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Which of the following is a predisposing factor for pulmonary tuberculosis?
Which of the following is a predisposing factor for pulmonary tuberculosis?
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Which of the following is a common symptom associated with prostate issues?
Which of the following is a common symptom associated with prostate issues?
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What is a recognized risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
What is a recognized risk factor for developing adenocarcinoma of the prostate?
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Which method is NOT used for the diagnosis of prostate issues?
Which method is NOT used for the diagnosis of prostate issues?
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Which of the following treatments is specifically categorized under hormone therapy for prostate conditions?
Which of the following treatments is specifically categorized under hormone therapy for prostate conditions?
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Which complication is common with prostate issues?
Which complication is common with prostate issues?
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Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for cervical cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor for cervical cancer?
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What is the primary method for diagnosing cervical cancer?
What is the primary method for diagnosing cervical cancer?
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Which treatment option is NOT typically used for cervical cancer?
Which treatment option is NOT typically used for cervical cancer?
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Which symptom is commonly associated with ectopic (tubal) pregnancy?
Which symptom is commonly associated with ectopic (tubal) pregnancy?
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What complications can arise from an ectopic pregnancy?
What complications can arise from an ectopic pregnancy?
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Which statement about mature teratomas is TRUE?
Which statement about mature teratomas is TRUE?
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What type of cells are the origin of uterine leiomyomata?
What type of cells are the origin of uterine leiomyomata?
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Which symptom is NOT associated with uterine leiomyomata?
Which symptom is NOT associated with uterine leiomyomata?
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Which of the following is a complication of atherosclerosis?
Which of the following is a complication of atherosclerosis?
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What is the primary diagnostic cell associated with Hodgkin's Disease?
What is the primary diagnostic cell associated with Hodgkin's Disease?
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Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Invasive Ductal Carcinoma?
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What is a common method of diagnosing fibroadenoma?
What is a common method of diagnosing fibroadenoma?
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Which form of Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by nodular sclerosis?
Which form of Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by nodular sclerosis?
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What is a common clinical presentation of Hodgkin's Disease?
What is a common clinical presentation of Hodgkin's Disease?
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Which of these is a treatment option for invasive ductal carcinoma?
Which of these is a treatment option for invasive ductal carcinoma?
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Which age group is most commonly affected by fibroadenoma?
Which age group is most commonly affected by fibroadenoma?
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What lifestyle change is recommended for preventing atherosclerosis?
What lifestyle change is recommended for preventing atherosclerosis?
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What staging system is primarily used for Hodgkin lymphoma?
What staging system is primarily used for Hodgkin lymphoma?
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Study Notes
Basic Information Overview
- Diagnosis involves identifying aetiological agents, risk factors, common sites, clinical presentations, and complications of diseases.
Atherosclerosis
- Risk Factors: Aging, male sex, familial predisposition, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, inactivity.
- Complications: Ischaemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction), cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, gangrene, aneurysms.
- Prevention/Treatment: Lifestyle changes (exercise, non-smoking, healthy diet) and medications for predisposing factors.
Hodgkin’s Disease
- Types: Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-depleted, lymphocyte-rich) and Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Clinical Presentation: Asymptomatic lymphadenopathy, unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, pruritus, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly.
- Key Diagnostic Cell: Reed-Sternberg cell.
- Staging System: Ann Arbor staging is commonly used.
Fibroadenoma
- Nature: Benign tumor, prevalent in women under 30 years old.
- Types: Simple and complex fibroadenomata.
- Symptoms: Solid, firm, painless, and mobile breast lumps.
- Diagnosis: Ultrasonography, mammography, fine needle aspiration, biopsy.
- Treatment: Surgery.
Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
- Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition, increasing age, proliferative breast diseases, radiation exposure, parity, obesity, exogenous estrogen.
- Signs and Symptoms: Painless hard mass with irregular edges, breast swelling, pain, nipple retraction, skin changes.
- Diagnosis: Ultrasound, mammography, fine needle aspiration cytology, biopsy.
- Screening Methods: Breast self-examination, ultrasonography, mammography.
- Histologic Subtypes: Tubular, colloid, medullary, lobular, papillary, ductal carcinoma of no special type.
- Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
- Risk Factors: Aging, family history, race/ethnic background, obesity.
- Etiology: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) formation from testosterone due to 5-alpha reductase type 2.
- Symptoms: Urine dribbling, frequency, nocturia, dysuria, urgency, hematuria.
- Complications: Acute urinary retention, UTI, urinary bladder diverticulosis, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal failure.
- Diagnosis: Digital rectal examination (DRE), ultrasonography, biopsy.
- Treatment: 5-alpha reductase type 2 inhibitors, surgery.
Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate
- Risk Factors: Increasing age, race/ethnicity, geography, family history, high fat diet, obesity.
- Grading System: Gleason.
- Screening Methods: PSA testing, DRE, ultrasonography.
- Diagnosis: Histology.
- Treatment: Expectant management, surgery, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy.
Melanoma
- Nature: Malignant tumor producing melanin, originating from melanocytes.
- Possible Primary Sites: Skin, oral/anogenital mucosal surfaces, adrenal medulla, esophagus, uveal tract, leptomeninges, choroid plexus.
- Risk Factors: Sun exposure (UV rays), number of skin moles, family history, fair skin, weakened immune system.
Liver Cirrhosis
- Common Cause: Chronic liver diseases.
- Features: Regenerative nodules and fibrous tissue.
- Aetiological Factors: Hepatitis B, C, biliary diseases, Wilson’s disease, alcoholic liver disease.
- Presentation: Ascites, obstructive jaundice, pruritus.
- Complications: Portal hypertension, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Aetiological Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
- Predisposing Factors: Immunosuppression.
- Diagnosis: Microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen stain), culture.
- Complications: Miliary TB, TB arthritis, endometritis, Pott’s disease.
Invasive Well Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix
- Predisposing Factors: HPV infections, family history, multiple sexual partners, smoking.
- Symptoms: Post-coital bleeding, vaginal discharge.
- Screening: Pap smear, HPV DNA testing, visual inspections, colposcopy.
- Diagnosis: Colposcopy, biopsy.
- Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.
- Prevention: HPV vaccine.
Ectopic Tubal Gestation
- Risk Factors: Previous ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, structural defects in fallopian tubes, smoking.
- Symptoms: Missed period, breast tenderness, nausea, pelvic pain.
- Complications: Rupture, intraperitoneal haemorrhage, shock.
- Diagnosis: Positive pregnancy test, ultrasound.
- Treatment: Surgery.
Mature Teratoma
- Nature: Benign tumor composed of various tissues (cartilage, adipose, thyroid).
- Cell Origin: Derived from toti-potential cells in gonads or embryonic cell rests.
- Common Sites: Ovary, testes, mediastinum, sacrococcygeum.
Uterine Leiomyomata
- Nature: Benign tumors originating from smooth muscle cells in the myometrium.
- Types: Subserous, intramural, submucous.
- Presentation: Menorrhagia, abdominal swelling, dysmenorrhea, pressure effects.
- Complications: Abnormal fetal lie, obstructed labor, infertility, hemorrhage.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the essential aspects of atherosclerosis including its risk factors, clinical presentation, and related complications. Students will identify and make diagnoses based on the provided pathology information. Ideal for those studying Anatomic & Molecular Pathology at CMUL.
