Pathology Quiz on Atherosclerosis

Basic Information Overview

• Diagnosis involves identifying aetiological agents, risk factors, common sites, clinical presentations, and complications of diseases.

Atherosclerosis

• Risk Factors: Aging, male sex, familial predisposition, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, inactivity.
• Complications: Ischaemic heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction), cerebrovascular disease, peripheral artery disease, gangrene, aneurysms.
• Prevention/Treatment: Lifestyle changes (exercise, non-smoking, healthy diet) and medications for predisposing factors.

Hodgkin’s Disease

• Types: Classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-depleted, lymphocyte-rich) and Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma.
• Clinical Presentation: Asymptomatic lymphadenopathy, unexplained weight loss, fever, night sweats, chest pain, cough, shortness of breath, pruritus, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly.
• Key Diagnostic Cell: Reed-Sternberg cell.
• Staging System: Ann Arbor staging is commonly used.

Fibroadenoma

• Nature: Benign tumor, prevalent in women under 30 years old.
• Types: Simple and complex fibroadenomata.
• Symptoms: Solid, firm, painless, and mobile breast lumps.
• Diagnosis: Ultrasonography, mammography, fine needle aspiration, biopsy.
• Treatment: Surgery.

Invasive Ductal Carcinoma

• Risk Factors: Genetic predisposition, increasing age, proliferative breast diseases, radiation exposure, parity, obesity, exogenous estrogen.
• Signs and Symptoms: Painless hard mass with irregular edges, breast swelling, pain, nipple retraction, skin changes.
• Diagnosis: Ultrasound, mammography, fine needle aspiration cytology, biopsy.
• Screening Methods: Breast self-examination, ultrasonography, mammography.
• Histologic Subtypes: Tubular, colloid, medullary, lobular, papillary, ductal carcinoma of no special type.
• Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

• Risk Factors: Aging, family history, race/ethnic background, obesity.
• Etiology: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) formation from testosterone due to 5-alpha reductase type 2.
• Symptoms: Urine dribbling, frequency, nocturia, dysuria, urgency, hematuria.
• Complications: Acute urinary retention, UTI, urinary bladder diverticulosis, hydroureter, hydronephrosis, renal failure.
• Diagnosis: Digital rectal examination (DRE), ultrasonography, biopsy.
• Treatment: 5-alpha reductase type 2 inhibitors, surgery.

Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

• Risk Factors: Increasing age, race/ethnicity, geography, family history, high fat diet, obesity.
• Grading System: Gleason.
• Screening Methods: PSA testing, DRE, ultrasonography.
• Diagnosis: Histology.
• Treatment: Expectant management, surgery, radiation therapy, cryotherapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy.

Melanoma

• Nature: Malignant tumor producing melanin, originating from melanocytes.
• Possible Primary Sites: Skin, oral/anogenital mucosal surfaces, adrenal medulla, esophagus, uveal tract, leptomeninges, choroid plexus.
• Risk Factors: Sun exposure (UV rays), number of skin moles, family history, fair skin, weakened immune system.

Liver Cirrhosis

• Common Cause: Chronic liver diseases.
• Features: Regenerative nodules and fibrous tissue.
• Aetiological Factors: Hepatitis B, C, biliary diseases, Wilson’s disease, alcoholic liver disease.
• Presentation: Ascites, obstructive jaundice, pruritus.
• Complications: Portal hypertension, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

• Aetiological Agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Predisposing Factors: Immunosuppression.
• Diagnosis: Microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen stain), culture.
• Complications: Miliary TB, TB arthritis, endometritis, Pott’s disease.

Invasive Well Differentiated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Cervix

• Predisposing Factors: HPV infections, family history, multiple sexual partners, smoking.
• Symptoms: Post-coital bleeding, vaginal discharge.
• Screening: Pap smear, HPV DNA testing, visual inspections, colposcopy.
• Diagnosis: Colposcopy, biopsy.
• Treatment: Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy.
• Prevention: HPV vaccine.

Ectopic Tubal Gestation

• Risk Factors: Previous ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, structural defects in fallopian tubes, smoking.
• Symptoms: Missed period, breast tenderness, nausea, pelvic pain.
• Complications: Rupture, intraperitoneal haemorrhage, shock.
• Diagnosis: Positive pregnancy test, ultrasound.
• Treatment: Surgery.

Mature Teratoma

• Nature: Benign tumor composed of various tissues (cartilage, adipose, thyroid).
• Cell Origin: Derived from toti-potential cells in gonads or embryonic cell rests.
• Common Sites: Ovary, testes, mediastinum, sacrococcygeum.

Uterine Leiomyomata

• Nature: Benign tumors originating from smooth muscle cells in the myometrium.
• Types: Subserous, intramural, submucous.
• Presentation: Menorrhagia, abdominal swelling, dysmenorrhea, pressure effects.
• Complications: Abnormal fetal lie, obstructed labor, infertility, hemorrhage.

This quiz focuses on the essential aspects of atherosclerosis including its risk factors, clinical presentation, and related complications. Students will identify and make diagnoses based on the provided pathology information. Ideal for those studying Anatomic & Molecular Pathology at CMUL.