L2 (T2): Reproductive endocrinology
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Questions and Answers

What is the critical event in the development of carcinoma from dysplasia?

  • Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio
  • Changes in nuclear chromatin staining
  • Irregular nuclear membrane and nuclear contours
  • Invasion through the basement membrane (correct)

    • Which type of HPV is the pre-invasive precursor of HPV associated cervical adenocarcinoma?

  • High Risk HPV 18 (correct)
  • High Risk HPV 16
  • Low Risk HPV 11
  • Low Risk HPV 6

    • What percentage of cervical cancers are caused by HPV infection?

  • Around 70%
  • Over 95% (correct)
  • Approximately 50%
  • Up to 90%

    • Which region has the highest incidence of cervical cancer?

    <p>Low &amp; middle income countries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cancer in North America and Europe presently?

    <p>Endometrial cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy is used for population based screening to prevent cervical cancer?

    <p>Cervical sample HR HPV test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to the reduction in incidence of cervical cancer in the UK, particularly since the early 1980s?

    <p>Introduction of the NHS cervical screening programme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cause of the separate peaks in cervical cancer incidence?

    <p>Birth cohort effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has led to the increase in cervical cancer incidence and mortality in women reaching the age of sexual debut during WW1 and WW2?

    <p>Different exposure to HPV at the time of sexual debut</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has created new birth cohorts in relation to cervical cancer?

    <p>HPV vaccination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of virus are Human Papillomaviruses (HPVs)?

    <p>Double stranded DNA virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common type of cervical cancer?

    <p>Squamous cell carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysplasia characterized by?

    <p>Increased proliferation, atypia of nuclei, decreased differentiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for dysplasia in the UK for the squamous cervix?

    <p>Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does dysplasia often occur?

    <p>Sites with metaplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for dysplasia in the US for the squamous cervix?

    <p>Squamous intra-epithelial lesion (SIL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic features of dysplastic lesions?

    <p>Cells that look somewhat like malignant cells but do not invade the basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may dysplasia progress to?

    <p>Invasive malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does CIN stand for?

    <p>Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between dysplastic epithelium and normal epithelium?

    <p>Cells at the surface of dysplastic epithelium are different from those at the surface of normal epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does SIL stand for?

    <p>Squamous intra-epithelial lesion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for dysplasia in the US for the squamous cervix?

    <p>Squamous intra-epithelial lesion (SIL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of CIN3 progressing to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likelihood of CIN1 progressing to CIN3?

    <p>1%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysplasia being discussed as in this lecture?

    <p>A pre-malignant neoplastic event</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of recognizing CIN using cytology cervical screening?

    <p>Identifying pre-cancerous changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key topic briefly touched on in the lecture?

    <p>Pathogenesis of cervical cancer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is dysplasia characterized by in the context of the lecture?

    <p>Pre-malignant neoplastic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the features of S.I. under the microscope being discussed in the lecture?

    <p>Recognizing pre-malignant changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the lecture in relation to dysplasia?

    <p>Pre-malignant neoplastic changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristics of abnormal nuclear features in dysplasia?

    <p>Irregular shape, irregularly distributed granular chromatin, and darker staining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to sample cervical cells for testing for HPV infection?

    <p>A plastic broom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical event in the formation of invasive malignancy from dysplastic lesions?

    <p>Invasion through the basement membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe changes in cytology specimens related to dysplasia?

    <p>Disk carrier SS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to recognize abnormal cells in cytology specimens?

    <p>The ratio of nucleus size to cytoplasm volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of cervical screening?

    <p>Looking for abnormal cells in cytology specimens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which microscopic feature is crucial in identifying dysplasia in epithelial neoplasms?

    <p>Presence of abnormal mitotic figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dysplastic epithelium from normal epithelium under the microscope?

    <p>Irregular, atypical nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is NOT associated with dysplastic epithelium?

    <p>Regular nuclear edges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a crucial clinical opportunity related to dysplastic lesions in epithelial neoplasms?

    <p>Recognizing dysplasia before invasive cancer develops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between dysplastic epithelium and normal epithelium?

    <p>Abnormal chromatin appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of dysplasia in epithelial neoplasms?

    <p>Abnormal proliferation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of over 90% of cervical cancers?

    <p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HPV strains are considered high-risk for cervical malignancy?

    <p>HPV 16 and 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lesions are caused by HPV 6 and 11?

    <p>Genital warts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of the HPV elimination initiative?

    <p>Preventing most HPV-associated cervical cancers through vaccination and screening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does HPV infect proliferating cells in the cervix?

    <p>At the junction between squamous and columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic feature of invasive squamous cell carcinoma?

    <p>Irregular islands of cells invading through the basement membrane into the stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used in the US for cervical dysplasia?

    <p>Squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the risk of developing invasive cancer at ten years considered very high, necessitating treatment?

    <p>40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does dysplasia often occur?

    <p>Transformation zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may contribute to the development of dysplasia and carcinoma?

    <p>Nature of the site and injurious stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can the degree of dysplasia in the squamous cervix predict?

    <p>Likelihood of developing invasive malignancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where else may dysplasia occur, with varying risks of developing invasive malignancy?

    <p>Bronchus and distal esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Understanding Dysplasia and Its Clinical Implications

    • Dysplasia is a generic term for the pathological process in the cervix.
    • Different terminology is used for dysplasia, causing confusion due to attempts at clinically meaningful classification.
    • In the US, cervical dysplasia is referred to as squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL).
    • Histologically, dysplasia in the squamous cervix can be recognized by different degrees and characteristics.
    • The degree of dysplasia can predict the likelihood of developing invasive malignancy.
    • The risk of progression to higher grade lesions and squamous cell carcinoma can be predicted based on the degree of dysplasia in the squamous cervix.
    • Treatment is necessary because a 40% risk of developing invasive cancer at ten years is considered very high.
    • Dysplasia often occurs in the transformation zone and is most commonly associated with smoking in the bronchial epithelium and esophagus.
    • The transformation zone is where most dysplasia develops.
    • Dysplasia may also occur in the bronchus and distal esophagus, with varying risks of developing invasive malignancy.
    • The nature of the site and injurious stimuli might contribute to the development of dysplasia and carcinoma.
    • The degree of dysplasia seen in the cervix is important in predicting expected clinical outcomes.

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    2023 Female Reproductive Tract Pathology 2 - Cervical intra epithelial neoplasia (CIN) and carcinoma .pptx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the pathology of the female reproductive tract with this quiz. Explore topics such as microscopic anatomy, neoplasia terminology, endometriosis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and endometrial carcinoma. This quiz is designed for students and professionals in histopathology and gynecology.

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