Pathology of Inflammation: Acute Inflammation

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Questions and Answers

What is responsible for the redness observed in acute inflammation?

Necrotic tissue

Vasodilation (correct)

Increased blood viscosity

Fluid exudate accumulation

Which immune cells are primarily involved in the cellular exudate during the first 24-48 hours of acute inflammation?

Eosinophils

Neutrophils (correct)

Lymphocytes

Basophils

What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus?

Granulomatous inflammation

Acute suppurative inflammation (correct)

Chronic inflammation

Acute non-suppurative inflammation

What systemic reaction is associated with increased leukocyte count during acute inflammation?

Leukocytosis Signup and view all the answers

What causes the loss of function in a tissue during acute inflammation?

Pressure of exudate on sensory nerves Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines are mainly responsible for inducing fever during acute inflammation?

IL-1 and TNF-alpha Signup and view all the answers

What type of acute inflammation is typically caused by strong pyogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus?

Acute suppurative inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is typically observed in the microscopic picture of acute inflammation?

Fibrin deposition Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a furuncle?

A single abscess related to a hair follicle Signup and view all the answers

What defines a carbuncle?

Multiple interconnected pus-filled lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by excess red blood cells due to vascular damage?

Haemorrhagic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammation type is characterized by excess watery fluid exudate that is poor in fibrin?

Serous inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of non-suppurative inflammation occurs with excess mucus secretion?

Catarrhal inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of pseudomembranous inflammation?

Formation of a false membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of diffuse inflammation caused by streptococci?

Cellulitis Signup and view all the answers

Which type of inflammation is associated with allergic reactions characterized by high eosinophil levels?

Allergic inflammation Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathology of Inflammation (Cont.)

Topic: Morphology of Acute Inflammation
Cardinal signs of inflammation:
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
- Redness due to vasodilation (VD).
- Hotness due to VD and increased blood flow.
- Swelling due to inflammatory exudate.
- Pain due to exudate pressure on sensory nerves and release of bradykinin.
- Loss of function due to pain and tissue damage.

Microscopic Picture of Acute Inflammation

Necrotic damaged tissues and degenerated cells.
Arterioles, venules, and capillaries are dilated and filled with blood.
Fluid exudate observed by separation of tissues and pale staining of its fibers plus fibrin.
Cellular exudate mainly neutrophils (24-48 hours) and macrophages (after 48 hours).

General (Systemic) Reactions of Acute Inflammation

Fever (pyrexia): caused by the release of IL-1 and TNF from bacteria or leukocytes. It affects the heat-regulating center in the brain, disrupting optimal temperature for bacteria but harming body tissues.
Leukocytosis: increased leukocyte count due to bone marrow stimulation by IL-1 and TNF.
Loss of appetite and weight: due to increased catabolism and toxins.

Types of Acute Inflammation

Acute suppurative inflammation:
- Associated with pus formation.
- Most severe form of acute inflammation.
- Caused by strong pyogenic bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus).
Mechanism of pus formation:
1. Strong pyogenic bacteria cause marked necrosis with excess chemical mediators.
2. Large numbers of neutrophils are attracted but die due to high bacterial virulence.
3. Dead neutrophils (pus cells) release enzymes, liquifying necrotic tissue and fibrin.
4. Liquified material mixed with pus cells and fluid exudate forms pus.
Types of Localized Acute Suppurative Inflammation:
- Abscess: irregular cavity containing pus, common in subcutaneous tissues.
- Furuncle (boil): small abscess related to hair follicles.
- Carbuncle: multiple communicating suppurative foci in skin and subcutaneous fat that discharge pus through multiple openings, common in diabetics.
Types of Diffuse Acute Suppurative Inflammation:
- Cellulitis: An example.
- Suppurative appendicitis: Another example

Types of Acute Non-Suppurative Inflammation

Haemorrhagic inflammation: excess red blood cells (RBCs) in exudate due to vascular damage (e.g., meningococcal infection).
Serous inflammation: watery exudate, poor in fibrin (e.g., blisters after burns, herpes simplex).
Serofibrinous inflammation: characterized by excess fluid exudate rich in fibrin, affecting serous membranes (e.g., pleura, peritoneum, pericardium).
Catarrhal inflammation: excess mucus secretion affects mucous membranes (e.g., common cold).
Allergic inflammation: characterized by fluid exudate rich in eosinophils (e.g., bronchial asthma).
Pseudomembranous inflammation: acute non-suppurative inflammation of the mucous membranes characterized by formation of a false membrane (e.g., diphtheria, bacillary dysentery).
Necrotizing inflammation: characterized by extensive necrosis (e.g., oral mucosa in malnourished children).

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Description

Explore the morphology and cardinal signs of acute inflammation in this quiz. Learn about the microscopic features and systemic reactions, including fever and various cellular responses. You'll gain a deeper understanding of the processes underlying acute inflammatory reactions.