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Questions and Answers
What is responsible for the redness observed in acute inflammation?
Which immune cells are primarily involved in the cellular exudate during the first 24-48 hours of acute inflammation?
What type of inflammation is characterized by the presence of pus?
What systemic reaction is associated with increased leukocyte count during acute inflammation?
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What causes the loss of function in a tissue during acute inflammation?
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Which cytokines are mainly responsible for inducing fever during acute inflammation?
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What type of acute inflammation is typically caused by strong pyogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus?
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What is typically observed in the microscopic picture of acute inflammation?
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What characterizes a furuncle?
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What defines a carbuncle?
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Which type of acute inflammation is characterized by excess red blood cells due to vascular damage?
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Which inflammation type is characterized by excess watery fluid exudate that is poor in fibrin?
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Which type of non-suppurative inflammation occurs with excess mucus secretion?
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What is a characteristic feature of pseudomembranous inflammation?
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What is a common complication of diffuse inflammation caused by streptococci?
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Which type of inflammation is associated with allergic reactions characterized by high eosinophil levels?
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Study Notes
Pathology of Inflammation (Cont.)
- Topic: Morphology of Acute Inflammation
- Cardinal signs of inflammation:
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
- Loss of function
- Redness due to vasodilation (VD).
- Hotness due to VD and increased blood flow.
- Swelling due to inflammatory exudate.
- Pain due to exudate pressure on sensory nerves and release of bradykinin.
- Loss of function due to pain and tissue damage.
Microscopic Picture of Acute Inflammation
- Necrotic damaged tissues and degenerated cells.
- Arterioles, venules, and capillaries are dilated and filled with blood.
- Fluid exudate observed by separation of tissues and pale staining of its fibers plus fibrin.
- Cellular exudate mainly neutrophils (24-48 hours) and macrophages (after 48 hours).
General (Systemic) Reactions of Acute Inflammation
- Fever (pyrexia): caused by the release of IL-1 and TNF from bacteria or leukocytes. It affects the heat-regulating center in the brain, disrupting optimal temperature for bacteria but harming body tissues.
- Leukocytosis: increased leukocyte count due to bone marrow stimulation by IL-1 and TNF.
- Loss of appetite and weight: due to increased catabolism and toxins.
Types of Acute Inflammation
-
Acute suppurative inflammation:
- Associated with pus formation.
- Most severe form of acute inflammation.
- Caused by strong pyogenic bacteria (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus haemolyticus).
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Mechanism of pus formation:
- Strong pyogenic bacteria cause marked necrosis with excess chemical mediators.
- Large numbers of neutrophils are attracted but die due to high bacterial virulence.
- Dead neutrophils (pus cells) release enzymes, liquifying necrotic tissue and fibrin.
- Liquified material mixed with pus cells and fluid exudate forms pus.
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Types of Localized Acute Suppurative Inflammation:
- Abscess: irregular cavity containing pus, common in subcutaneous tissues.
- Furuncle (boil): small abscess related to hair follicles.
- Carbuncle: multiple communicating suppurative foci in skin and subcutaneous fat that discharge pus through multiple openings, common in diabetics.
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Types of Diffuse Acute Suppurative Inflammation:
- Cellulitis: An example.
- Suppurative appendicitis: Another example
Types of Acute Non-Suppurative Inflammation
- Haemorrhagic inflammation: excess red blood cells (RBCs) in exudate due to vascular damage (e.g., meningococcal infection).
- Serous inflammation: watery exudate, poor in fibrin (e.g., blisters after burns, herpes simplex).
- Serofibrinous inflammation: characterized by excess fluid exudate rich in fibrin, affecting serous membranes (e.g., pleura, peritoneum, pericardium).
- Catarrhal inflammation: excess mucus secretion affects mucous membranes (e.g., common cold).
- Allergic inflammation: characterized by fluid exudate rich in eosinophils (e.g., bronchial asthma).
- Pseudomembranous inflammation: acute non-suppurative inflammation of the mucous membranes characterized by formation of a false membrane (e.g., diphtheria, bacillary dysentery).
- Necrotizing inflammation: characterized by extensive necrosis (e.g., oral mucosa in malnourished children).
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Description
Explore the morphology and cardinal signs of acute inflammation in this quiz. Learn about the microscopic features and systemic reactions, including fever and various cellular responses. You'll gain a deeper understanding of the processes underlying acute inflammatory reactions.