Pathology Midterm Questions

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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum tolerable number of platelets in blood?

100000 mm

200000 mm

250000 mm

150000 mm (correct)

What is the term for the alteration of genetic material?

Mutation (correct)

Replication

Transcription

Recombination

Which structure's sugar is classified as deoxyribose?

Lipids

RNA

Proteins

DNA (correct)

What is the likely outcome for an adult with excessive growth hormone?

Acromegaly Signup and view all the answers

What chromosome abnormality is characterized by Trisomy-21?

Down syndrome Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells contain the total number of chromosomes for their respective species?

Diploid cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of radiation and chemicals in relation to mutations?

They can trigger mutations. Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic types of human cells?

Somatic and gametes Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes hyperpituitarism?

Slow growing tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected finding on a lateral x-ray of a patient with hyperpituitarism?

Flattening of the sella turcica Signup and view all the answers

In Sheehan's syndrome, what hormone secretions are typically affected?

All of them Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to excessive urination?

Diabetes insipidus Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with anisocytosis in red blood cells?

Megaloblastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes nephrotic syndrome?

Proteinuria of 3.5g or more Signup and view all the answers

What condition might develop in children suffering from diarrhea?

Prerenal failure Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common germ responsible for urinary tract infections?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus to initiate a stress response?

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate implication of low oncotic pressure due to hypoalbuminemia?

Glomerular disorders Signup and view all the answers

What physical signs might indicate a person has urolithiasis?

Hematuria and renal colic Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Cushing's syndrome?

Skin striations and moon face Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind the development of glomerulonephritis?

Autoimmunity Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by low blood pressure and low cortisol levels?

Addison's disease Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an enlargement of a lymphatic node?

Lymphadenomegaly Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on white blood cell count in patients with leukopenia?

Decreased white blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia is associated with hypersplenism?

Hemolytic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What condition would cause a sudden increase in lymphocytes?

Acute lymphocytic leukemia Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is crucial for the proper incorporation of iron into heme?

Copper Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not associated with the production of hemolytic anemia?

Iron deficiency Signup and view all the answers

What does the severity classification of obstructive uropathy depend on?

Location, time, completeness Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathology Midterm Tutorial - Questions and Answers

Platelet Count: Minimum tolerable platelet count in blood is 150,000/mm³.
Base Pairing: Correct order of base pairing in DNA is G-C and A-T.
Genetic Alteration: Alteration of genetic material is called mutation.
DNA Separation: The main step of DNA separation is breaking hydrogen bonds.
Thyroid Hormone: Thyroid hormone production in humans and DNA code are identical.
Ribosomes and DNA: Ribosomes do not have their own DNA.
Nitrogenous Bases: Cytosine and thymine are nitrogenous bases.
DNA Sugar: Deoxyribose is the sugar of DNA.
RNA Sugar: Ribose is the sugar of RNA.
Hypertension and Cancer: Both hypertension and cancer have genetic components.
Gene Function: Genes control all functions of body structures.
Gene Definition: Genes are meaningful sequences of nucleotides in DNA.
Panhypopituitarism: Panhypopituitarism refers to low production of all hormones by the pituitary gland.
Growth Hormone Excess (Child): Excessive growth hormone in children leads to gigantism.
Growth Hormone Excess (Adult): Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly.
Down Syndrome Formula: Down syndrome is trisomy-21.
Chromosome Separation: A pair of chromosomes separates once during human cell division.
Prolactin Excess: Excess prolactin in men causes low libido.
Embryo Abnormalities: Embryos with polyploidy are frequently aborted.
Chromosome Count: Specific cells have the total number of chromosomes for that species.
Haploid vs. Somatic Cells: Haploid cells are not somatic; somatic cells of the body are not all haploid.
Spontaneous Mutations: Spontaneous mutations do occur.
Fever and Mutations: Acute inflammation and high fever can trigger mutations.
Chemical and Radiation Triggers: Radiation and chemicals can also trigger mutations.
Chromosome Condensation: Before cell division, chromosomes condense.
Chronic Renal Failure and Balance: Chronic renal failure causes irreversible changes to phosphate and calcium balance.
Proteinuria: Proteinuria is a common protein level issue in these cases
Uremia/ Uric Acid: Uremia causes elevated blood urate levels.
Acute Renal Failure: Prerenal failure is a common type.
Glomerular Filtration: Glomerular filtration is low in this condition
Diarrhea and Prerenal Failure: Kidney damage can occur in a child due to diarrhea.
Nephrotic Syndrome Proteinuria: The defining feature is proteinuria greater than 3.5g per day.
Glomerulonephritis Autoimmunity: Glomerulonephritis is often caused by autoimmunity.
Hypoalbuminemia/ Oncotic Pressure: Low oncotic pressure happens due to non-nutritious hypoalbuminemia. The patient has renal problems.
Kidney Stones: Kidney stones occurring in the kidney, or ureter, or bladder are called urolithiasis
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): E. coli is a common cause of UTIs
Urolithiasis Symptoms: Hypogastric pain, burning pain, dysuria, polyuria are some symptoms.
Hematuria and Renal colic: The kidney is affected.
Corticoid Releasing Hormones: The hypothalamus produces corticoid releasing hormones, triggering the pituitary gland to release ACTH.
Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) reduction: PIF reduction triggers lactation
Hormone Release in Disease: Hormones can be released in an ectopic fashion in certain conditions.
Hormones in Males and Females: Hormones like LH and FSH play roles.
Intrinsic Factor: Parietal cells in the stomach produce it. Necessary for absorption of B12.
Pernicious Anemia: Megaloblastic anemia with a lack of intrinsic factor.
Vitamin B12 and Megaloblasts: Vitamin B12 activates megaloblast metabolism.
Cushing's Syndrome Characteristics: Thin limbs, large abdomen, skin striations, moon face
Cushing's Syndrome Cause: Excessive cortisol production.
Hypothyroidism and Eye: Exophthalmos is the name for protruding eyes in hypothyroidism.
Addison's Disease and Blood Pressure Addison's disease is characterized by low blood pressure.
Cortisol and Blood Pressure: Low cortisol levels are associated with low blood pressure
Addison's Disease Cortisol The cortisol levels are abnormally low.
Myxedema: Non-pitting edema.
Hyperthyroidism: Results from overproduction of thyroid hormone.
Obstructive Uropathy: Causes are blockage in the ureter or calyces.
Hydronephrosis: Obstructed urine flow can lead to enlargement of the kidney (hydronephrosis).
Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes.
Leukopenia: Low white blood cell count.
Relative Polycythemia: Hydration can reduce relative polycythemia. - Chronic anemia conditions.
Medications, Chemicals, and Cancer: These can cause different types of anemia.
Slow Growing Tumor: This could be a cancerous tumor
Sella Turcica Flattening: Common on x-ray of a slow-growing tumor
Diabetes Insipidus: Caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone due to the pituitary gland being damaged
Lupus Nephritis Anemia: Lupus can lead to chronic anemia.
Megaloblastic Anemia Causes: Folate, B12, intrinsic factor deficiencies are common causes.
Anisoctyosis: Red blood cells of different sizes.
Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Rapid overhydration is a treatment for serious diabetic decompensation, especially in type 2.
Type 1 Diabetes: Genetics and immune system issues are the primary causes
Hyperthyroidism Metabism: Hyperthyroidism leads to a high metabolic rate.
Diabetes Mellitus/ Encephalopathy: Common factors present in both conditions.

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Description

Test your knowledge on pathology with this midterm quiz. Covering essential topics such as genetic alterations, DNA structure, and the functions of genes, this quiz is designed for students preparing for their pathology exams.