Pathology Midterm Questions
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Questions and Answers

What is the minimum tolerable number of platelets in blood?

  • 100000 mm
  • 200000 mm
  • 250000 mm
  • 150000 mm (correct)

What is the term for the alteration of genetic material?

  • Mutation (correct)
  • Replication
  • Transcription
  • Recombination

Which structure's sugar is classified as deoxyribose?

  • Lipids
  • RNA
  • Proteins
  • DNA (correct)

What is the likely outcome for an adult with excessive growth hormone?

<p>Acromegaly (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What chromosome abnormality is characterized by Trisomy-21?

<p>Down syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cells contain the total number of chromosomes for their respective species?

<p>Diploid cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of radiation and chemicals in relation to mutations?

<p>They can trigger mutations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic types of human cells?

<p>Somatic and gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What typically causes hyperpituitarism?

<p>Slow growing tumor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected finding on a lateral x-ray of a patient with hyperpituitarism?

<p>Flattening of the sella turcica (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Sheehan's syndrome, what hormone secretions are typically affected?

<p>All of them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition results from inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone leading to excessive urination?

<p>Diabetes insipidus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is associated with anisocytosis in red blood cells?

<p>Megaloblastic anemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes nephrotic syndrome?

<p>Proteinuria of 3.5g or more (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition might develop in children suffering from diarrhea?

<p>Prerenal failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common germ responsible for urinary tract infections?

<p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is produced by the hypothalamus to initiate a stress response?

<p>Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate implication of low oncotic pressure due to hypoalbuminemia?

<p>Glomerular disorders (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical signs might indicate a person has urolithiasis?

<p>Hematuria and renal colic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of Cushing's syndrome?

<p>Skin striations and moon face (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason behind the development of glomerulonephritis?

<p>Autoimmunity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by low blood pressure and low cortisol levels?

<p>Addison's disease (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an enlargement of a lymphatic node?

<p>Lymphadenomegaly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect on white blood cell count in patients with leukopenia?

<p>Decreased white blood cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of anemia is associated with hypersplenism?

<p>Hemolytic anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition would cause a sudden increase in lymphocytes?

<p>Acute lymphocytic leukemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mineral is crucial for the proper incorporation of iron into heme?

<p>Copper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is not associated with the production of hemolytic anemia?

<p>Iron deficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the severity classification of obstructive uropathy depend on?

<p>Location, time, completeness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Minimum tolerable platelets

The acceptable lowest number of platelets in blood is 150,000 per mm³

Base pair order

Guanine pairs with Cytosine (GC), and Adenine pairs with Thymine (AT)

Mutation definition

A change in the DNA sequence

DNA separation method

Breaking hydrogen bonds in between the DNA strands

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Thyroid DNA similarity

The DNA code for thyroid hormone production is identical in all species

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Ribosome DNA

Ribosomes do not have their own DNA; they use the cell’s DNA instead.

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Cytosine and Thymine

Cytosine and Thymine are nitrogenous bases.

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DNA sugar

Deoxyribose is the sugar in DNA.

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RNA sugar

Ribose is the sugar in RNA.

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Genetic components of diseases

Hypertension and cancer have genetic components.

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Gene function scope

Genes control all functions of body structures.

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Gene definition

Meaningful sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

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Panhypopituitarism meaning

Low production of all pituitary gland hormones.

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Growth hormone excess (child)

Results in gigantism.

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Growth hormone excess (adult)

Results in acromegaly.

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Down syndrome formula

Trisomy-21: Having three copies of chromosome 21.

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Chromosome separation in humans

Human chromosome pairs separate once during gametogenesis.

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Prolactin excess (male)

Leads to low libido in males.

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Somatotropin deficiency

Leads to oligospermia.

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Frequently aborted embryo type

Polyploidy embryos are frequently aborted.

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Haploid cells

Somatic cells have the complete chromosome number for that species

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Basic human cell types

Somatic cells (body) and gametes (reproductive).

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Spontaneous mutations

Spontaneous mutations do occur.

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Inflammation/fever and mutations

Acute inflammation and fever do not cause mutations.

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Radiation/chemical mutations

Radiation and chemicals can induce mutations.

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Pre-division cell condensation product

Chromosomes.

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Phosphate/calcium in CRF

Chronic renal failure affects phosphate and calcium balance.

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Irreversible Renal Failure

A type of kidney failure where kidney function is permanently damaged.

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Proteinuria (High)

Presence of excessive protein in the urine, indicating kidney damage.

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Uremia (High Blood Urate)

Buildup of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure.

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Acute Renal Failure (Most Common)

Sudden loss of kidney function.

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Prerenal Failure

Kidney failure due to reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

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Low Glomerular Filtration Rate

Decreased rate at which the kidneys filter blood.

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Impaired Renal Blood Flow

Problem with blood reaching the kidneys, commonly causing prerenal failure.

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Nephrotic Syndrome

Kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in urine (3.5g or more).

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Glomerulonephritis (Cause)

Kidney inflammation often caused by autoimmune reactions.

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Hypoalbuminemia

Low level of albumin in the blood.

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Kidney Lithiasis

Kidney stones.

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Urolithiasis

Stones in the urinary tract (ureters, bladder).

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UTI/Acute Cystitis

Urinary tract infection affecting the bladder.

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Escherichia Coli (E.Coli)

Common bacteria causing UTIs.

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Hematuria and Renal Colic

Signs of kidney stones, including blood in urine and severe pain.

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ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

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PIF (Prolactin Inhibiting Factor)

Hormone that stops the release of prolactin.

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Ectopic Hormone Release

Hormone release from an abnormal location.

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LH and FSH (Hormones)

Hormones involved in reproductive functions in both males and females.

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Intrinsic Factor

Protein produced in the stomach to absorb vitamin B12.

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Megaloblastic Anemia

Type of anemia where red blood cells are abnormally large.

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Pernicious Anemia

Megaloblastic anemia caused by inability to produce intrinsic factor.

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Vitamin B12 Injection

Treatment for pernicious anemia.

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Cushing's Syndrome

A disorder caused by high levels of cortisol.

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Hyperpituitarism cause

Usually caused by a slow-growing tumor in the pituitary gland.

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Lateral X-ray of pituitary tumor

Shows flattening of the sella turcica (a bony structure surrounding the pituitary gland).

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Sheehan's Syndrome hormone effect

Leads to hyposecretion of various pituitary hormones.

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Insufficient ADH effect

Results in frequent urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia).

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Diabetes Insipidus

A condition caused by an inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

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Lupus and Anemia

Lupus, a chronic disease, can cause anemia.

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Megaloblastic Anemia causes

Caused by a lack of intrinsic factor, folate, or vitamin B12.

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Anisocytosis

Different sizes of red blood cells.

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Type 2 Diabetes treatment

Rapid overhydration is the main treatment for severely decompensated, heavily diabetic type-2 patients.

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Type 1 Diabetes treatment

Insulin replacement is the primary treatment.

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Type 1 Diabetes causes

Factors including genetics and immune system damage.

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Oophritis meaning

Inflammation of the ovaries.

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Diabetes complications

Diabetic micro and macro vasculopathy is the underlying reason for various diabetic complications.

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Hyperthyroidism and metabolism

Hyperthyroidism leads to an increased metabolic rate.

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Common symptom of Diabetes Insipidus and Diabetes Mellitus

Both conditions can result in excessive urination (polyuria) and excessive thirst (polydipsia).

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Lymphatic Node Hypertrophy

Enlarged lymph node.

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Lymphatic Node Atrophy

Reduced size of lymph node.

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Exophthalmos

Protrusion of the eyeballs.

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Addison's Disease

A condition where the adrenal glands don't produce enough cortisol.

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Low Blood Pressure (Addison's)

Characteristic symptom of Addison's Disease.

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Hypocortisonemia

Low level of cortisol in the blood.

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Hyperthyroidism

A condition where the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormone.

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Obstructive Uropathy

Blockage in the urinary tract, leading to kidney problems.

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Hydronephrosis

Swelling of the kidney due to a buildup of urine.

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Thrombocytopenia

Low platelet count in the blood.

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Lymphadenopathy

Enlarged lymph nodes.

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Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Cancer of the blood characterized by an excess of immature lymphocytes.

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Neutrophilia

Increased number of neutrophils in blood.

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Eosinophilia

Increased number of eosinophils in blood (often allergies or parasites).

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Leukopenia

Low white blood cell count.

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Relative Polycythemia

Increased proportion of red blood cells (RBCs) in the blood, often due to dehydration.

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Orthochronic Anemia

A nonexistent/unrecognized medical term, likely an error in transcription.

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Copper

Metal necessary for iron incorporation into hemoglobin.

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Cyanocobalamin

Vitamin B12.

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Lymphocytosis

Increased number of lymphocytes in the blood.

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Hemolytic Anemia (Hypersplenism)

Anemia resulting from the spleen destroying red blood cells.

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Hemolytic Anemia (Distilled Water Injection)

Anemia resulting from the rapid destruction of red blood cells due to a severe fluid shift.

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Oligospermia

Low sperm count.

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

Anemia caused by a lack of iron, hindering hemoglobin production.

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Hyperandroginism/Acromegaly

Having excessive androgens is not related to acromegaly.

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Panhypopituitarism

Failure of the pituitary gland, leading to deficiency in several hormones.

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Sheehan Syndrome

Pituitary failure after childbirth caused by postpartum hemorrhage.

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Study Notes

Pathology Midterm Tutorial - Questions and Answers

  • Platelet Count: Minimum tolerable platelet count in blood is 150,000/mm3.
  • Base Pairing: Correct order of base pairing in DNA is G-C and A-T.
  • Genetic Alteration: Alteration of genetic material is called mutation.
  • DNA Separation: The main step of DNA separation is breaking hydrogen bonds.
  • Thyroid Hormone: Thyroid hormone production in humans and DNA code are identical.
  • Ribosomes and DNA: Ribosomes do not have their own DNA.
  • Nitrogenous Bases: Cytosine and thymine are nitrogenous bases.
  • DNA Sugar: Deoxyribose is the sugar of DNA.
  • RNA Sugar: Ribose is the sugar of RNA.
  • Hypertension and Cancer: Both hypertension and cancer have genetic components.
  • Gene Function: Genes control all functions of body structures.
  • Gene Definition: Genes are meaningful sequences of nucleotides in DNA.
  • Panhypopituitarism: Panhypopituitarism refers to low production of all hormones by the pituitary gland.
  • Growth Hormone Excess (Child): Excessive growth hormone in children leads to gigantism.
  • Growth Hormone Excess (Adult): Excessive growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly.
  • Down Syndrome Formula: Down syndrome is trisomy-21.
  • Chromosome Separation: A pair of chromosomes separates once during human cell division.
  • Prolactin Excess: Excess prolactin in men causes low libido.
  • Embryo Abnormalities: Embryos with polyploidy are frequently aborted.
  • Chromosome Count: Specific cells have the total number of chromosomes for that species.
  • Haploid vs. Somatic Cells: Haploid cells are not somatic; somatic cells of the body are not all haploid.
  • Spontaneous Mutations: Spontaneous mutations do occur.
  • Fever and Mutations: Acute inflammation and high fever can trigger mutations.
  • Chemical and Radiation Triggers: Radiation and chemicals can also trigger mutations.
  • Chromosome Condensation: Before cell division, chromosomes condense.
  • Chronic Renal Failure and Balance: Chronic renal failure causes irreversible changes to phosphate and calcium balance.
  • Proteinuria: Proteinuria is a common protein level issue in these cases
  • Uremia/ Uric Acid: Uremia causes elevated blood urate levels.
  • Acute Renal Failure: Prerenal failure is a common type.
  • Glomerular Filtration: Glomerular filtration is low in this condition
  • Diarrhea and Prerenal Failure: Kidney damage can occur in a child due to diarrhea.
  • Nephrotic Syndrome Proteinuria: The defining feature is proteinuria greater than 3.5g per day.
  • Glomerulonephritis Autoimmunity: Glomerulonephritis is often caused by autoimmunity.
  • Hypoalbuminemia/ Oncotic Pressure: Low oncotic pressure happens due to non-nutritious hypoalbuminemia. The patient has renal problems.
  • Kidney Stones: Kidney stones occurring in the kidney, or ureter, or bladder are called urolithiasis
  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): E. coli is a common cause of UTIs
  • Urolithiasis Symptoms: Hypogastric pain, burning pain, dysuria, polyuria are some symptoms.
  • Hematuria and Renal colic: The kidney is affected.
  • Corticoid Releasing Hormones: The hypothalamus produces corticoid releasing hormones, triggering the pituitary gland to release ACTH.
  • Prolactin Inhibiting Factor (PIF) reduction: PIF reduction triggers lactation
  • Hormone Release in Disease: Hormones can be released in an ectopic fashion in certain conditions.
  • Hormones in Males and Females: Hormones like LH and FSH play roles.
  • Intrinsic Factor: Parietal cells in the stomach produce it. Necessary for absorption of B12.
  • Pernicious Anemia: Megaloblastic anemia with a lack of intrinsic factor.
  • Vitamin B12 and Megaloblasts: Vitamin B12 activates megaloblast metabolism.
  • Cushing's Syndrome Characteristics: Thin limbs, large abdomen, skin striations, moon face
  • Cushing's Syndrome Cause: Excessive cortisol production.
  • Hypothyroidism and Eye: Exophthalmos is the name for protruding eyes in hypothyroidism.
  • Addison's Disease and Blood Pressure Addison's disease is characterized by low blood pressure.
  • Cortisol and Blood Pressure: Low cortisol levels are associated with low blood pressure
  • Addison's Disease Cortisol The cortisol levels are abnormally low.
  • Myxedema: Non-pitting edema.
  • Hyperthyroidism: Results from overproduction of thyroid hormone.
  • Obstructive Uropathy: Causes are blockage in the ureter or calyces.
  • Hydronephrosis: Obstructed urine flow can lead to enlargement of the kidney (hydronephrosis).
  • Lymphadenopathy: Enlarged lymph nodes.
  • Leukopenia: Low white blood cell count.
  • Relative Polycythemia: Hydration can reduce relative polycythemia. - Chronic anemia conditions.
  • Medications, Chemicals, and Cancer: These can cause different types of anemia.
  • Slow Growing Tumor: This could be a cancerous tumor
  • Sella Turcica Flattening: Common on x-ray of a slow-growing tumor
  • Diabetes Insipidus: Caused by inadequate production of antidiuretic hormone due to the pituitary gland being damaged
  • Lupus Nephritis Anemia: Lupus can lead to chronic anemia.
  • Megaloblastic Anemia Causes: Folate, B12, intrinsic factor deficiencies are common causes.
  • Anisoctyosis: Red blood cells of different sizes.
  • Type 2 Diabetes Treatment: Rapid overhydration is a treatment for serious diabetic decompensation, especially in type 2.
  • Type 1 Diabetes: Genetics and immune system issues are the primary causes
  • Hyperthyroidism Metabism: Hyperthyroidism leads to a high metabolic rate.
  • Diabetes Mellitus/ Encephalopathy: Common factors present in both conditions.

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Pathology Midterm Tutorial PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on pathology with this midterm quiz. Covering essential topics such as genetic alterations, DNA structure, and the functions of genes, this quiz is designed for students preparing for their pathology exams.

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