Pathology Midterm Tutorial PDF

**Pathology Midterm Tutorial** Q: What is the minimum tolerable number of platelets in blood A: 150000mm Q: what is the correct order of matching for the base pair A: GC/AT Q:When genetic material alters, whats it called A: mutation Q: What is the main step of separation of the DNA? A: break...

**Pathology Midterm Tutorial** Q: What is the minimum tolerable number of platelets in blood A: 150000mm Q: what is the correct order of matching for the base pair A: GC/AT Q:When genetic material alters, whats it called A: mutation Q: What is the main step of separation of the DNA? A: breakage of the hydrogen bonds Q: From the POV of production of thyroid hormone and the DNA code, is the thyroid code in that case different from the thyroid code in humans A: No its exactly the same Q: Do ribosomes have their own DNA A: no Q: Are cytosine and thymine nitrogenous tissues A: yes Q: what is the sugar of the DNA A: deoxyribose Q: What is the one for RNA A: Ribose Q: Do hypertension and cancer have genetic components A: yes Q: What functions of body structure is ruled by genes A: all of them Q: Give me a simple definition of genes? A: meaningful sequence of nucleotides in a DNA structure Q: What is the meaning of panhypopituitarism? A: low production of all hormones produced by the pituitary gland Q: If one kid produces too much growth hormone, what happens A: they become a giant Q: What if the same thing happens in a adult A: Acromegaly Q: What is the formula for down syndrome A: Trisomy-21 Q: How many times a pair of chromosomes is separated in humans A: 1 Q: What will happen to a man who produces too much prolactin A: Low libido Q: If someone has too little somatosoids A: oligospermia Q: Which embryo is frequently aborted A: The ones with polyploidy Q: Which cells have the total number of chromosomes for that respective species A:Haploid cells are somatic, the cells of our body are haploid Q: What are the basic types of human cells A: Somatic and Gametes Q: If somebody says spontaneous mutations don\'t occur, are they true or false. A:false Q: Can acute inflammation and high fever trigger mutations A:no Q: Can radiation and chemicals trigger murations A:Yes Q: Before cell division the chemicals cells condense and form what? A: Chromosomes Q: What happens with the phosphate and calcium balance in chronic renal failure? A: they are irreversible Q: What would the protein be like in those cases A: low, because they have proteinuria Q: What are the urates like in the blood then A: it would be high because of uremia Q: What is the most common form of acute renal failure A: prerenal failure Q: What is the glomerular filtration in that case A: Low Q: What is the basic reason why it happens A: impaired renal flow Q: can kids with diarrhea develop prerenal failure A: Yes Q: What is nephrotic syndrome? A: When proteinuria is 3.5g or more Q: What is the most bottomline reason for glomerulonephritis A: Autoimmunity Q: If somebody has nonnutritious hypoalbuminemia and low oncotic pressure, what do you think is happening right away? A: This patient has glomerular disorders Q: If somebody has lithiasis into the kidneys, what do you call that? A: nephrothyrisis Q: What if those stones go to the ureters A: Urolithiasis Q: What if they go into the urinary bladder A: Urolithiasis Q:If a lady has hypogadtric pain, burning pain, dystural, polyuria, what are you thinking? A: UTI/ acute cystitis Q: what is the most common germ for UTI A: escherichia coli Q: What are the pathognomonic signs that tell you someone has urolithiasis? A: Hematuria and Renal Colic Q: The brain rules everything and if the hypothalmus pridiuces corticoid releasing hormones then the pituitary will obey by producing what? A: Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Q:what is the meaning of PIF A: Prolactin inhibiting factor Q: What if PIF reduces A: They start lactating NOTE: The brain produces the hormone ending in RH therefore GNRH in both sexes will produce female hoemones, estrogen progestororne, and will stimulate the corpus luteum LH and FSH, luteinising hormone A: Q: Are hormone sometimes released in a ectopic fashion A: Yes Q:are hormones same in male and female A: LH and FSH Q: What is the intrinsic factor? A: produced by parietal cells of the stomach to protect B12 Q: what are the cells that characterized the pernicious anemia A: megaloblast Q: Are all megaloblastic anemias pernicious? A: No, with pernicious you can not produce intrinsic factor Q: What is the treatment for patients with pernicious anemia? A: Injecting vitamin B12 Q: What activates the metabolism of the megaloblasts? A: The presence of vitamin B12 Q: How does a person with cushings syndrome look like A: skinny limbs and large abdomen, skin striations and moon face Q: Why do they develop that? A: they produce to much cortisol Q: What is the name of the eye popping of people with ypothyr A: exophthalmos Q: What is the name of the opposite to push, when corticoids are too little A: addison\'s disease Q: Is blood pressure high or low in addisons disease A: Low Q: What if you check the cortisol in these patients A: Its low Q: Whats this called A: Hypocortisonemia Q: myxedema is non pitting edema, whats that called? A: Hyperthyroidism Q: What will happen if you block one ureter or one calics A: obstructive uropathy Q: What does obstructive uropathy cause A: Hydronephrosis (Obstructive uropathy -\> hydroureter -\> hydronephrosis) Q: Why one obstructive uropathy may be classified as low, medium and high severity. A: Location, time and completeness , unilaterlity or bilattlelity Q:When do you start to see thrombocytopenia? A: lower than 150k Q: If one lymphatic node is bigger than normal, what's it called? A: Lympathonomeglay Q: if somebody has a sudden increase of lymphocytes, whats it called A: Acute lymphocytic leukemia Q: If infection is bacterial instead of viral, what would change A: neutrophilia Q: If you find yourself with severe eosonophilia A: either an allergy or you are full of worms Q: If the number of WBC is lower than it should whats the name A: Leukopenia Q: When does leukopinia become good for you? A: Never normal and never beneficial Q: May hydration reduce relative polycythemia? A: Yes Q: Could you describe the ortho chronic anemia? A: does not exist Q: what metal is necessary for the correct incorporation of iron into the heme? A: copper Q: What is the correct name of vitamine B12 A: Cyanocobalamin Q: what is lymphocytosis? A: increase of lymphocytes Q: If somebody has hypersplenism, what kind of anemia does that person develop? A: hemolytic anemia Q: if a person is injected with distilled water, what kind of anemia does that person develop? A:hemolytic anemia Q: Does the hypersecretion of prolactin lead to oligospermia? A:yes Q: If you have iron deficiency, what type of anemia do you produce? A: Hemolytic Q: imagine one guy with acromegaly, do you think that guy will have hyperandroginism? A: no NOTE: One female may have panhypopituitarism, which means the pituitary gland isn\'t working at all (not compatible with life), whether it is traumatic or infarcted, there\'s no hormone production. If the pitaraty dies because of the hemorrhage from delivery, it\'s called Shehan. Q: When the pituitary gland produces hyperpitutarism, what\'s usually causing that A: Slow growing tumor Q: What do you think ill see if i take a lateral xray of this patient? A: flattening of the sella turnica Q: What hyporsecretions of hormones do I see in a patient presenting with Sheehans syndrome? A: All of them Q: If somebody has one inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, and its too little, what will the person do? A: They will pee a lot, and will be thirsty Q: the person will develop what? A: Diabetes insefalous Q: Is lupus able to trigger anemia A: yes, because its a chronic disease Q: What is the reason for megaloblastic anemia? A: Lack of intrinsic factor, lack of folate, lack of b12 Q:if RBC are different sizes what you call that A: anisocytosis Q: What is the main treatment for heavily diabetic decompensated of one severely type 2 A: rapid overhydration Q: What if Type 1 A: Insulin Q: Caused for type 1 diabeties A: genetics, immune damage Q: Ophratis means what A: Inflammation of ovaries Q: What is the bottomline reason for why diabetics A: diabetic micro and macro vasculopathy Q: if somebody has hyperthyroidism, what is their metaboism A: high Q: what is common between diabetes encephalus and diabetes mellitus A: polyurea and polydipsia Q: If one lymphatic node gets larger than normal A: Hypertrophy Q: What if it gets smaller A: Atrophy