Patho colloquium 1 2023

Chronic Lung Congestion Indicators

• Alveolar septal fibrosis is an indicator.
• Increased lung weight is an indicator.
• Inflammatory infiltrates of neutrophils are not an indicator.
• Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in alveoli are an indicator.
• Brownish color of the lung parenchyma is an indicator.

Thrombus Layered Composition

• Thrombi have lines called Zahn's lines.

Edema Causes

• Primary heart disease, kidney disease, or liver disease can contribute to edema.

Premature Birth Predispositions

• Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a predisposition.
• Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is a predisposition.
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a predisposition.
• Hemangiomas are not a predisposition.
• Death within the first year of life is a predisposition.

Necrosis in Conditions

• Necrosis of alveolar epithelium may be a factor in RDS.
• Liquefactive necrosis of colon mucosa may occur in NEC.
• Ischemic necrosis of cardiomyocytes may cause hydrops universalis.
• Necrosis of brain basal ganglia may cause kernicterus.

Stress-Related Pigments

• Lipofuscin is a pigment associated with stress.

Hemosiderin Granule Staining

• Pearl's reaction (Prussian blue) is a useful stain for hemosiderin granules.

Hormonal Cessation Effects

• Cessation of hormonal stimulation leads to an increase in Bax and Bak.

Neoplastic Lesion Criteria

• Poor differentiation is a key criterion for identifying a neoplastic lesion.

Sentinel Lymph Node Function

• A sentinel lymph node is the first node(s) to receive lymph from the tumor area.

ACPA in Rheumatoid Arthritis

• ACPA stands for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies.

Beta2-Microglobulin and Amyloidosis

• Beta2-microglobulin is a chemically related precursor protein in hemodialysis-associated amyloidosis.

AIDS Stages

• AIDS is the crisis phase of HIV infection.

Appendicitis Pain Mediators

• Prostaglandins and bradykinin are key chemical mediators in appendicitis pain.

Pneumonia Outcome

• Abscess formation can result from pneumonia.

Allergic Reaction Appearance

• Vasodilation is the primary factor in the reddened appearance.

Lung Lesions in Tuberculosis

• Macrophages are the most crucial cells in the development of lung lesions due to tuberculosis.

Syphilis Diagnosis

• A positive VDRL in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) strongly suggests neurosyphilis.

Breast Cancer Predictive Biomarker

• BRCA1 and BRCA2 are predictive biomarkers for breast cancer.

Molecular Biology Techniques

• Molecular biology techniques study nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
• They can be qualitative or quantitative.
• Techniques include PCR and FISH.

Tissue Processing Steps

• Tissue processing begins with transport and admission of specimens.
• Collecting representative pieces from specimens is the next step.
• Tissue processing, embedding, sectioning, staining, and microscopic evaluation follow.

Tissue Processing Machine Steps

• Dehydration is the initial step in tissue processing machines.

Histopathology Section Thickness

• The ideal histopathology section thickness is 4-6 μm.

Venous Thrombosis

• Venous thrombosis frequently affects deep veins of lower limbs.
• It causes local blood flow obstruction.

Nutmeg Liver

• A nutmeg liver is a hallmark of chronic liver congestion.
• It's grossly a double-colored liver (yellow-red).

Pneumatosis Intestinalis and NEC

• Pneumatosis intestinalis is a characteristic of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Pediatric Malignant Neoplasm Regression

• Neuroblastoma is a pediatric malignant neoplasm that can spontaneously regress (may disappear).

Barrett's Metaplasia

• Barrett's metaplasia involves glandular metaplasia of esophageal squamous epithelium.

Highest Cancer Mortality

• Female lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among cancers.

Cytology Staining

• Papanicolaou stain is the most common stain used in cytology.

Molecular Biology Staining Materials

• Fresh or frozen tissues are the best materials for molecular biology staining.

Prognostic Factors in Tumors

• Tumor grade, tumor stage, status of surgical margins, and lymphovascular space invasion are all prognostic tumor factors.

Pancreatic Cancer Biomarker

• CA19.9 is a serum biomarker for pancreatic cancer.

Breast Cancer Predictive Biomarker

• BRCA1/2 are predictive biomarkers for breast cancer.

Nephroblastoma Characteristics

• Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) is a common pediatric tumor.
• It typically shows a triphasic morphology (epithelial, stromal, and blastemal components).

Histological Appearance in NEC

• Eosinophilic tissues are common in the mucosa of the small intestine in NEC.

Hyaline Membrane Disease Stages

• Proliferation/hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes is the hallmark of the proliferative phase of hyaline membrane disease.