Questions and Answers
What is pathology?
The study of disease.
How can disease be defined?
As the pattern of response of living organisms to injury.
What does etiology refer to?
The study of the cause of a disease.
Define pathogenesis.
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What are pathological and morphological manifestations?
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What are complications and sequelae?
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What is prognosis?
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The incidence represents the number of new cases arising in a population over a given time period and the prevalence is the total number of cases of the disease in a given _______.
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What distinguishes a 'sign' from a 'symptom'?
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Define morbidity.
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What does mortality refer to?
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List two leading causes of death in Canadians.
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What can be categorized as causes of disease?
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Provide an example of a genetic cause of disease.
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What does idiopathic mean?
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What is iatrogenic disease?
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What are allergens?
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How do mechanical trauma and temperature affect health?
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Study Notes
Pathology and Disease
- Pathology is the study of disease, focusing on structural and functional changes in cells, tissues, and organs.
- Disease is defined as a deviation or interruption in the normal structure or function of tissues, organs, or systems caused by injury or genetic factors.
Key Disease Terminology
- Etiology: Examines the causes of disease, including biological, chemical, or physical agents.
- Pathogenesis: Describes the sequence of cellular events from initial contact with an etiologic agent to the manifestation of disease.
- Complications and Sequelae: Refers to secondary consequences resulting from a disease.
- Prognosis: Anticipates the course and outcome of a disease, including chances for cure or remission.
Epidemiology
- Studies patterns of disease and risk factors within populations.
- Incidence: Number of new cases in a population over a specific time period.
- Prevalence: Total number of existing cases of a disease in a population.
Disease Response
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Signs vs. Symptoms:
- Signs are objective findings that can be measured (e.g., fever, blood pressure).
- Symptoms are subjective feelings reported by the patient (e.g., fatigue, pain).
Morbidity and Mortality
- Morbidity: Refers to sickness or impairment of normal functioning.
- Mortality: Refers to the incidence of death from a disease.
Causes of Disease
- Result from interactions between host genetics and environmental factors.
- Most diseases are multifactorial, involving both genetic and environmental influences.
Genetic Causes
- Diseases can arise from single mutations (e.g., sickle cell disease) or chromosomal rearrangements (e.g., Down syndrome).
Environmental Causes
- Diseases caused by environmental factors can include physical injuries, lifestyle habits, exposure to pollutants, and infectious agents.
Types of Environmental Agents
- Mechanical Trauma: Includes cuts and injuries from accidents or violence.
- Temperature Extremes: Can result in burns or frostbite, adversely affecting health.
- Radiation Exposure: Cells that divide frequently are most sensitive to radiation damage.
- Chemical Agents: Substances like pesticides or heavy metals can induce illness.
- Infectious Organisms: Pathogens like bacteria and viruses can cause diseases.
- Drugs: Both therapeutic and recreational drugs can have side effects and contribute to disease.
Iatrogenic Causes
- Diseases that arise from medical treatments or errors, highlighting the importance of patient safety in healthcare.
Pathogenesis-Based Classification of Diseases
- Injury: Caused by physical, chemical, or biological agents; can be reversible or irreversible.
- Inflammation: Common in various diseases, can be acute or chronic.
- Infection: Often leads to mild to severe symptoms, depending on host factors.
- Immunological Reactions: May cause allergic or autoimmune diseases through excessive or absent immune responses.
- Neoplasia: Characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of cells, resulting in benign or malignant growths.
- Metabolic/Endocrine Disorders: Disrupt hormones and enzyme functions leading to conditions like diabetes.
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Can stem from insufficient intake or absorption of nutrients, leading to various diseases.
- Vascular Disease: A major cause of death, often linked to atherosclerosis leading to heart attacks and strokes.
- Psychological Factors: Influence both the development and course of physical diseases.
Role of Pathology
- Pathology serves as the foundation of medical science, bridging clinical and basic sciences.
- Studies human disease through observations and experimental methods, influencing treatment decisions and outcomes.
Techniques in Pathology
- Utilizes various methods for studying diseases, including histopathology, cytopathology, light and electron microscopy, and molecular analysis.
Example of Surgical Pathology
- Pathologists analyze biopsies to diagnose conditions and guide therapeutic interventions, assisting in determining prognosis and treatment effectiveness.
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Description
Explore the basics of pathology and the definitions of disease with this quiz. Understand the key concepts surrounding the study of diseases and their impact on the body. Ideal for beginners and those looking to deepen their knowledge in the field of medical science.
