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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of Aspergillosis?
What is the definition of Aspergillosis?
Dichotomous branching, hyphae with frequent septation, diameter ranges from 2.5 to 4.5 μm.
What characterizes Mucormycosis?
What characterizes Mucormycosis?
Large, nonsepta hyphae with 90-degree angle branching and nonparallel walls.
Bronchoalveolar lavage showing larval forms of ___________________ in a background of many hemosiderin laden macrophages.
Bronchoalveolar lavage showing larval forms of ___________________ in a background of many hemosiderin laden macrophages.
Strongyloides
Transbronchial biopsy showing an intrapulmonary vessel surrounded by pink amorphous material indicates ____________.
Transbronchial biopsy showing an intrapulmonary vessel surrounded by pink amorphous material indicates ____________.
What does the term 'Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)' refer to?
What does the term 'Diffuse alveolar damage (DAD)' refer to?
What is bronchiectasis characterized by?
What is bronchiectasis characterized by?
What are 'lines of Zahn'?
What are 'lines of Zahn'?
What is the characteristic histology of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?
What is the characteristic histology of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?
What features characterize Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)?
What features characterize Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)?
What does carcinosarcoma of the lung exhibit?
What does carcinosarcoma of the lung exhibit?
What histological feature is noted in pleomorphic adenoma of the lung?
What histological feature is noted in pleomorphic adenoma of the lung?
Partial architectural effacement is due to infiltration by ____________ caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
Partial architectural effacement is due to infiltration by ____________ caused by Epstein-Barr virus.
What histological findings are associated with herpes simplex virus lymphadenitis?
What histological findings are associated with herpes simplex virus lymphadenitis?
What is Toxoplasmosis caused by?
What is Toxoplasmosis caused by?
Systemic erythematosus lupus of LN shows necrosis of lymph node parenchyma with many ____________ patients having cervical lymphadenopathy.
Systemic erythematosus lupus of LN shows necrosis of lymph node parenchyma with many ____________ patients having cervical lymphadenopathy.
What does hemangioma of the lymph node consist of?
What does hemangioma of the lymph node consist of?
What characterizes Kaposi sarcoma (KS) of the lymph node?
What characterizes Kaposi sarcoma (KS) of the lymph node?
What does Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) exhibit in lymph nodes?
What does Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) exhibit in lymph nodes?
In Langherhans cell histiocytosis, what is preserved?
In Langherhans cell histiocytosis, what is preserved?
What is a defining characteristic of Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)?
What is a defining characteristic of Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)?
What does Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) show in lymph nodes?
What does Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) show in lymph nodes?
Reed-Sternberg cells in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma must have less than 2 nucleoli in separate nuclear lobes.
Reed-Sternberg cells in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma must have less than 2 nucleoli in separate nuclear lobes.
When inflamed, a dentigerous cyst appears microscopically as a nonspecific, squamous epithelial lined cyst with acute and chronic ____________.
When inflamed, a dentigerous cyst appears microscopically as a nonspecific, squamous epithelial lined cyst with acute and chronic ____________.
What is the most conspicuous microscopic feature of Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)?
What is the most conspicuous microscopic feature of Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)?
What is seen in the cyst lining of a dermoid cyst of mandible and maxilla?
What is seen in the cyst lining of a dermoid cyst of mandible and maxilla?
What is the histological characteristic of thymoma?
What is the histological characteristic of thymoma?
What type of pattern does a thymic carcinoid exhibit?
What type of pattern does a thymic carcinoid exhibit?
What features are noted in thymic NET?
What features are noted in thymic NET?
What histological characteristic is associated with lipoma?
What histological characteristic is associated with lipoma?
What is the definition of a normal adrenal gland?
What is the definition of a normal adrenal gland?
What is cellular spindling of pheochromocytoma?
What is cellular spindling of pheochromocytoma?
What does pT3 invasion of kidney by pheochromocytoma indicate?
What does pT3 invasion of kidney by pheochromocytoma indicate?
What is the significance of the Zona fasciulata and Zona glomerulosa in adrenal glands?
What is the significance of the Zona fasciulata and Zona glomerulosa in adrenal glands?
What do the top half of the picture and bottom half of the picture represent?
What do the top half of the picture and bottom half of the picture represent?
Which is the correct pT for adrenal cortical carcinoma with extra-adrenal adipose invasion?
Which is the correct pT for adrenal cortical carcinoma with extra-adrenal adipose invasion?
What is the classification for a pheochromocytoma that is 3 cm and confined to the adrenal gland?
What is the classification for a pheochromocytoma that is 3 cm and confined to the adrenal gland?
Which of these tumors arises from within the adrenal gland?
Which of these tumors arises from within the adrenal gland?
What does Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome represent in adrenal pathology?
What does Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome represent in adrenal pathology?
What is the most common cause of adrenal parasitic cysts?
What is the most common cause of adrenal parasitic cysts?
What is diffuse oncocytoma of adrenal glands?
What is diffuse oncocytoma of adrenal glands?
What characterizes pheochromocytoma histologically?
What characterizes pheochromocytoma histologically?
What disease is characterized by granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid cells?
What disease is characterized by granulomatous inflammation with epithelioid cells?
What is condyloma acuminatum?
What is condyloma acuminatum?
What is a hallmark of anal canal adenocarcinoma?
What is a hallmark of anal canal adenocarcinoma?
What characterizes basal cell carcinoma of the perianal area?
What characterizes basal cell carcinoma of the perianal area?
What are the histological characteristics of secondary anal Paget disease with associated adenocarcinoma?
What are the histological characteristics of secondary anal Paget disease with associated adenocarcinoma?
What does small cell carcinoma of the anus resemble?
What does small cell carcinoma of the anus resemble?
What is the prognosis for anal squamous cell carcinoma?
What is the prognosis for anal squamous cell carcinoma?
What are the histological features of melanoma of the perianal area?
What are the histological features of melanoma of the perianal area?
What condition is characterized by marked neutrophilic infiltrates?
What condition is characterized by marked neutrophilic infiltrates?
What histological feature is associated with Measles?
What histological feature is associated with Measles?
What is signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix?
What is signet ring cell carcinoma of the appendix?
What is a GIST of the appendix?
What is a GIST of the appendix?
What is the characteristic architecture of LAMN?
What is the characteristic architecture of LAMN?
What does a urachal cyst look like histologically?
What does a urachal cyst look like histologically?
What are the histological features of cystitis cystica?
What are the histological features of cystitis cystica?
What are cystitis glandularis characteristics?
What are cystitis glandularis characteristics?
What is schistosomiasis and its histological finding?
What is schistosomiasis and its histological finding?
What is intestinal metaplasia of the bladder?
What is intestinal metaplasia of the bladder?
What condition is characterized by Michealis-Gutmann bodies?
What condition is characterized by Michealis-Gutmann bodies?
What is characteristic of urothelial carcinoma?
What is characteristic of urothelial carcinoma?
What are the features of SCC of the bladder?
What are the features of SCC of the bladder?
What characterizes paraganglioma of the bladder histologically?
What characterizes paraganglioma of the bladder histologically?
What is noted in acute bacterial osteomyelitis?
What is noted in acute bacterial osteomyelitis?
What is the histological finding in rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the histological finding in rheumatoid arthritis?
What are diagnostic features of Paget disease?
What are diagnostic features of Paget disease?
What is characteristic of osteosarcoma?
What is characteristic of osteosarcoma?
What describes osteoblastoma histology?
What describes osteoblastoma histology?
What characterizes chondrosarcoma histologically?
What characterizes chondrosarcoma histologically?
What is seen in angiosarcoma?
What is seen in angiosarcoma?
What are the characteristics of Ewing sarcoma?
What are the characteristics of Ewing sarcoma?
What peculiar feature helps diagnose acute myelogenous leukemia?
What peculiar feature helps diagnose acute myelogenous leukemia?
What defines Polycythemia Vera?
What defines Polycythemia Vera?
What is a key feature of basophils?
What is a key feature of basophils?
What defines eosinophils?
What defines eosinophils?
What characterizes monocytes?
What characterizes monocytes?
What does Howell-Jolly bodies indicate?
What does Howell-Jolly bodies indicate?
What histological finding is associated with CMV infection?
What histological finding is associated with CMV infection?
What is Gaucher disease?
What is Gaucher disease?
What characterizes fat necrosis of breast tissue?
What characterizes fat necrosis of breast tissue?
Which statement is true about proliferative fibrocystic changes in the breast?
Which statement is true about proliferative fibrocystic changes in the breast?
What does fibrocystic change feature?
What does fibrocystic change feature?
What characterizes a fibroadenoma?
What characterizes a fibroadenoma?
What is a key feature of phyllodes tumor?
What is a key feature of phyllodes tumor?
What is a pleomorphic adenoma?
What is a pleomorphic adenoma?
What does LCIS involve?
What does LCIS involve?
What defines DCIS?
What defines DCIS?
What characterizes Paget disease of the breast?
What characterizes Paget disease of the breast?
What is BRAC1 carcinoma?
What is BRAC1 carcinoma?
What does BRAC2 carcinoma usually show?
What does BRAC2 carcinoma usually show?
What characterizes squamous metaplasia of the cervix?
What characterizes squamous metaplasia of the cervix?
What are the features of SCC of the cervix?
What are the features of SCC of the cervix?
What are the histological features of adenocarcinoma of the cervix?
What are the histological features of adenocarcinoma of the cervix?
What leads to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
What leads to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
What is bronchial atresia?
What is bronchial atresia?
What condition is indicated by ferruginous bodies in the lungs?
What condition is indicated by ferruginous bodies in the lungs?
What is seen in Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis?
What is seen in Coal Worker's Pneumoconiosis?
What characterizes silicosis?
What characterizes silicosis?
What features of panacinar emphysema?
What features of panacinar emphysema?
What histological feature is indicative of tuberculosis?
What histological feature is indicative of tuberculosis?
Study Notes
Normal Adrenal Gland
- Adrenal glands are essential for hormone production and stress response.
- Structure includes three main zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.
Cellular Spindling of Pheochromocytoma
- Characteristic histological appearance indicating the growth pattern of pheochromocytoma.
- Contains uniform nuclei in cell sheets, commonly associated with adrenal tumors.
Pheochromocytoma and pT3 Kidney Invasion
- pT3 classification indicates invasion beyond the adrenal gland into adjacent structures, such as the kidney.
- Important for staging and treatment planning in adrenal tumors.
Adrenal Cortex Zones Identification
- Top half of the image is labeled as zona fasciculata, responsible for cortisol production.
- Bottom half is zona glomerulosa, which produces aldosterone.
Adrenal Cortex Zones Identification II
- Top half of the image is zona reticularis, which produces androgens.
- Bottom half remains zona fasciculata.
Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma Staging
- pT3 indicates invasion into extra-adrenal adipose tissue, not adjacent organs.
- Distinctions: pT1 (organ confined ≤ 5 cm), pT2 (> 5 cm), pT4 (invasiveness into adjacent organs).
Classification of Pheochromocytoma
- pT1 classification for tumors < 5 cm confined to the adrenal gland.
- Relevant for prognosis and treatment choices.
Origin of Pheochromocytoma
- Pheochromocytoma arises specifically from adrenal gland tissue, distinguishing it from other paragangliomas.
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
- Adrenal cytomegaly with large bizarre nuclei indicative of fetal cortex findings.
- Associated with various embryonic tissue growths and congenital abnormalities.
Common Cause of Adrenal Parasitic Cysts
- Echinococcus granulosus identified as the most common causative agent of adrenal cysts.
- Other parasites like Taenia solium affect different tissues (muscle/brain).
Oncocytoma Characteristics
- Composed of polygonal oncocytes with granular eosinophilic cytoplasm.
- Usually benign but relevant for differential diagnosis of adrenal lesions.
Crohn's Disease Features
- Characterized by granulomatous inflammation and presence of giant cells.
- Involves significant lymphocyte infiltration.
Condyloma Acuminatum
- Genital warts are noted for parakeratosis and koilocytic changes, linked to HPV infection.
Anal Canal Adenocarcinoma
- Notable for pagetoid spread, indicating invasive characteristics and associated malignancies.
Basal Cell Carcinoma in Perianal Area
- Exhibits peripheral palisading of nuclei, a histological hallmark of basal cell carcinoma.
Secondary Anal Paget Disease
- Defined by pale staining intraepidermal neoplastic cells with abundant mucin.
Small Cell Carcinoma of Anus
- Poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors presented as nests of small cells.
- Similar morphology to pulmonary small cell carcinoma.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) of Anus
- Can be keratinizing or nonkeratinizing; keratinizing is more common below the dentate line.
Melanoma of Perianal Area
- Appears similar to hemorrhoidal lesions but contains pigmented epithelioid or spindle cells.
- Describes junctional components in typical presentations.
Acute Appendicitis
- Identified by marked neutrophilic infiltration as a key histological feature.
Measles Pathology
- Present with marked lymphoid hyperplasia and multinucleated giant cells in lymphoid tissue.
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma of Appendix
- Infiltrative carcinoma typically metastasizing to ovaries, characterized by signet ring morphology.
GIST of Appendix
- Bland spindle cell tumor with extracellular collagen globules; often expands the appendiceal wall.
Low-Grade Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasm (LAMN)
- Occurs mainly in older adults, correlates with dilated appendix and luminal mucin presence.
Urachal Cyst Characteristics
- Cystic structures lined by benign urothelium, indicative of urachal anomalies.
Cystitis Cystica
- Identified by superficial nests of urothelial mucosa exhibiting cystic changes.
Cystitis Glandularis
- Nests of urothelium associated with columnar cells and calcium oxalate crystals.
Schistosomiasis Pathology
- Presence of schistosomiasis eggs with significant inflammatory reactions within the bladder.
Intestinal Metaplasia of Bladder
- Shows a transition to intestinal-type mucosa among typical urothelium.
Malakoplakia
- Characterized by the presence of Michaelis-Gutmann bodies, indicative of chronic infection or inflammation.
Urothelial Carcinoma Features
- High-grade lesions frequently show areas of squamous differentiation and bizarre nuclear pleomorphism.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Bladder
- Exhibits irregular sheets of malignant squamous cells with destructive stromal invasion.
Paraganglioma of Bladder
- Zellballen formation with abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm typical of neuroendocrine tumors.
Acute Bacterial Osteomyelitis
- Histological presence of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells indicating infection.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Characterized by dense perivascular infiltrates of T lymphocytes and plasma cells.
Paget Disease
- Increased osteoclastic and osteoblastic activity with typical radiologic findings.
Osteosarcoma Features
- Notable for permeative growth patterns and disorganized woven bone formation.
Osteoblastoma Characteristics
- Defined by anastomosing trabeculae of bone lined by active osteoblasts.
Chondrosarcoma Presentation
- Atypical cellular clustering amidst a cartilaginous matrix.
Angiosarcoma Characteristics
- Displays high cellular atypia with necrosis and significant mitotic activity.
Ewing Sarcoma Histology
- Small, round, uniform cells with scant cytoplasm and indistinct membranes.
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
- Presents with increased cytoplasmic granularity and Auer rods in affected leukocytes.
Polycythemia Vera (PV) Features
- Hypercellularity with predominant erythroid and megakaryocytic lineages.
Basophil Characteristics
- Smaller than other leukocytes, with a distinctive unsegmented nucleus and blue granules.
Eosinophil Features
- Characterized by horseshoe-shaped nuclei surrounded by refractile orange granules.
Monocyte Description
- The largest leukocyte, typically round with pseudopod-like extensions and abundant light blue cytoplasm.
Howell-Jolly Bodies
- Basophilic particles in erythrocytes indicate megaloblastic anemia or abnormal erythropoiesis.
CMV Pathology
- Presents with characteristic nuclear inclusions and overlaps clinically with EBV.
Gaucher Disease Overview
- Autosomal recessive disorder showing accumulation of glucocerebroside in histiocytes.
Fat Necrosis of Breast Tissue
- Associated with traumatic injury or surgical procedures leading to necrotic adipose changes.
Proliferative Fibrocystic Changes
- Associated with a 1.5 - 2 fold increased lifetime risk of breast cancer.
Complex Sclerosing Lesion Features
- Stellate configuration with central fibrosis and ducts radiating outwards.
Fibroadenoma
- Most common benign breast tumor characterized by biphasic proliferation of stroma and glandular epithelium.
Phyllodes Tumor
- Displays a leaf-like pattern due to exaggerated intracanalicular growth.
Pleomorphic Adenoma Description
- Contains diverse structures, lined by inner epithelial cells and outer myoepithelial cells.
Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS)
- Involves terminal duct lobular units with loosely cohesive cell patterns.
Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS)
- Characterized by intraductal proliferation with low-grade nuclear atypia and cribriform patterns.
Paget Disease of the Breast
- Involves neoplastic cells within the epidermis, indicative of underlying ductal carcinoma.
BRCA1 Carcinoma
- High nuclear grade cells with minimal gland formation, indicative of aggressive breast cancer type.
BRCA2 Carcinoma
- Typically presents as invasive ductal carcinoma with high-grade features and pushing margins.
Squamous Metaplasia of Cervix
- Noteworthy cytological changes at the interface of squamous epithelium and metaplastic cells.
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Poorly differentiated neoplastic nests surround benign endocervical glands, indicating invasion.
Adenocarcinoma of Cervix
- Characterized by columnar cells with mucin-depleted cytoplasm and brisk mitotic activity.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome Mechanism
- Thiamine deficiency impacting enzymatic functions essential for neuronal health.
Bronchial Atresia
- Congenital anomaly characterized by mucus plug in bronchi, leading to peripheral obstruction.
Asbestosis Pneumoconiosis
- Presence of ferruginous bodies within lung tissue represents asbestos-related pathology.
Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis
- Accumulation of anthracotic pigment causing fibrogenic responses leading to lung disease.
Silicosis
- Silicotic nodules in pulmonary tissue### Thrombus Formation
- Layers of red cells, platelets, and fibrin accumulate in vessels during thrombus development.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lung
- Characterized by pink cytoplasm, distinct cell borders, and keratin pearls.
Large Cell Neuroendocrine Carcinoma (LCNEC)
- Exhibits organoid, nesting, palisading, trabecular, solid patterns, and rosette-like structures.
- Features abundant cytoplasm, coarse chromatin, nuclear pleomorphism, and prominent nucleoli.
Carcinosarcoma of Lung
- Comprises both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements.
- Typically has a squamous carcinoma component, though glandular or neuroendocrine components may also appear.
Pleomorphic Adenoma of Lung
- Contains less cartilaginous stroma compared to its salivary gland counterpart.
- Features small branching ductules and nests, tubules, and trabeculae.
- Composed of round or oval epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells within chondromyxoid or fibromyxoid stroma, often with focal hyalinization.
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)
- Causes partial architectural effacement in lymph nodes due to extensive immunoblast infiltration, resembling Reed-Sternberg cells with atypical features.
Herpes Simplex Virus Lymphadenitis
- Associated with well-circumscribed necrosis and hyperplasia in follicular and paracortical areas.
- Characterized by intranuclear inclusions, especially at the edges of necrotic zones.
Toxoplasmosis
- Caused by the obligate intracellular parasite T. gondii.
- Can be asymptomatic, cause lymphadenitis, or lead to acute infections during pregnancy, affecting the fetus.
- Marked by follicular hyperplasia with frequent mitotic figures and epithelioid granulomas with indistinct margins.
Systemic Erythematosus Lupus of Lymph Nodes
- Features necrosis of lymph node parenchyma, debris, ghost cells, and characteristic purple lumpy confluent hematoxylin bodies at necrotic edges.
- Most patients present with cervical lymphadenopathy.
Hemangioma of Lymph Node
- Characterized by congested capillaries.
- May present as discrete mass lesions, classified as capillary or cavernous.
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) of the Lymph Node
- Resembles skin tumors, presenting with spindle cells in curved fascicles and slit-like vascular spaces.
- Displays extravasated red blood cells and frequent mitotic figures; spindle cells have pale cytoplasm and elongated nuclei.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
- Identified by T lymphoblasts producing a "starry sky" pattern in neck lymph nodes.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
- Partial effacement of lymph nodes occurs while preserving follicular centers.
- Infiltration by Langerhans cells, characterized by size (12-15 microns), abundant pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, and irregular nuclei.
Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS)
- Identified by small RBCs lacking a central zone of pallor, known as spherocytes.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
- Depicted in H&E stained slides showing proliferations of mature lymphocytes, including larger lymphocytes with enlarged central nucleoli.
Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma
- Diagnostically relies on the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, which feature at least two nucleoli in separate nuclear lobes.
Dentigerous Cyst
- Appears as a nonspecific squamous epithelial lined cyst with acute and chronic inflammation when inflamed.
- Also known as a follicular cyst.
Odontogenic Keratocyst (OKC)
- Distinguished by prominent basal layer hyperchromatism.
Dermoid Cyst of Mandible and Maxilla
- Lined with orthokeratotic stratified squamous epithelium and contains sebaceous glands, eccrine sweat glands, and variable hair follicles.
- Cyst contents typically include keratin flakes, cholesterol clefts, hair, nails, and necrotic debris.
Thymoma
- Displays lobulated architecture with cellular lobules and fibrous bands.
- Classified as a malignant epithelial tumor of the thymic gland.
Thymic Carcinoid
- Features an organoid structure with small round cells forming islands, ribbons, and rosettes.
- Minimal cytoplasm, salt and pepper chromatin, with no or rare mitotic activity.
Thymic Neuroendocrine Tumor (NET)
- Composed of larger cells with abundant cytoplasm, displaying an organoid growth pattern and spindle cell foci.
Lipoma
- Characterized by necrotic adipocytes.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts in pathology with these flashcards covering adrenal gland structures, pheochromocytoma characteristics, and zonal anatomy. Perfect for AAPA exam preparation.