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Questions and Answers
What characterizes dry gangrene?
What characterizes dry gangrene?
- Inflammation occurs
- Only coagulative necrosis is present (correct)
- Apoptotic bodies are formed
- Presence of liquefactive necrosis
What are the typical changes observed in the nuclei during necrosis?
What are the typical changes observed in the nuclei during necrosis?
- Nuclear growth with excessive chromatin condensation
- Nuclear duplication and cell division
- Basophilia of the chromatin may fade, shrinkage, and fragmentation (correct)
- Nuclear swelling followed by fragmentation
How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?
How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?
- Apoptosis involves shrunken cells and formation of apoptotic bodies (correct)
- Apoptosis is followed by inflammation
- Apoptosis causes death of clusters of cells
- Apoptosis occurs only in response to severe injury
What is responsible for the cytoplasmic changes observed in necrosis?
What is responsible for the cytoplasmic changes observed in necrosis?
Which statement about apoptosis is true?
Which statement about apoptosis is true?
What does the term 'pathology' refer to?
What does the term 'pathology' refer to?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism through which necrosis occurs?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism through which necrosis occurs?
What type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance?
What type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance?
Which condition is a common cause of acute cell injury and necrosis?
Which condition is a common cause of acute cell injury and necrosis?
Which type of necrosis occurs due to trauma to fatty tissues?
Which type of necrosis occurs due to trauma to fatty tissues?
What is typically observed in liquefactive necrosis?
What is typically observed in liquefactive necrosis?
What is a potential consequence of immunologic reactions?
What is a potential consequence of immunologic reactions?
What type of necrosis is most associated with vascular occlusion affecting the lower extremities?
What type of necrosis is most associated with vascular occlusion affecting the lower extremities?
Flashcards
Pathology definition
Pathology definition
The scientific study of disease.
Necrosis
Necrosis
A type of cell death where excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and membrane rupture.
Necrosis mechanisms
Necrosis mechanisms
Cell damage can occur due to hypoxia, free radicals, membrane damage, or increased intracellular calcium levels.
Ischemic injury
Ischemic injury
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Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis
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Liquefactive necrosis
Liquefactive necrosis
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Causes of cell injury
Causes of cell injury
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Apoptosis
Apoptosis
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Necrosis definition
Necrosis definition
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Necrosis Morphology
Necrosis Morphology
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Apoptosis definition
Apoptosis definition
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Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
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Apoptosis Morphology
Apoptosis Morphology
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Study Notes
Definition of Pathology
- Pathology is the scientific study of disease.
- The word "pathology" comes from Latin words "patho" (disease) and "logy" (study).
Cell Death
- Cells can die in two ways: necrosis and apoptosis.
Necrosis
- Excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and rupture of the membrane.
- Enzymes for cell digestion come from dying cells or leukocytes.
- Mechanisms include hypoxia, free radical-induced injury, cell membrane damage, and increased intracellular calcium level.
- Common causes include ischemic injury (reduced blood flow), chemical injury (like mercury chloride poisoning), infections (viral, bacterial, fungal), immune reactions, or genetic defects.
Types of Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis: Often from sudden loss of blood supply, especially to the heart.
- Liquefactive necrosis: Tissue digestion and softening; occurs in suppurative infections (pus formation).
- Fat necrosis: Trauma to tissues with high fat content (e.g., breast).
- Caseous necrosis: Cheese-like appearance; typical of tuberculosis.
- Gangrenous necrosis: Due to vascular occlusion (blocked blood vessels), frequently affects lower extremities and bowel. Can be "wet" (complications of bacterial infection with liquefactive necrosis) or "dry" (coagulative necrosis without liquefactive).
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is the death of individual cells within clusters of other cells (unlike necrosis which affects clusters of cells).
- Cells shrink and show increased acidophilic staining.
- Fragmentation of cells into apoptotic bodies occurs.
- A normal physiological process for removing cells during development (embryogenesis), menstruation, etc. Also seen in response to mild injurious stimuli.
- Apoptosis does not usually cause inflammation or calcification.
Morphology of Necrosis
- Cytoplasmic changes: Increased eosinophilia (pink staining).
- Nuclear changes: Karyolysis (chromatin fading), pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), and karyorrhexis (fragmentation). The nucleus may disappear completely one to two days after cell death.
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