Pathology: Cell Death and Necrosis Overview
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes dry gangrene?

  • Inflammation occurs
  • Only coagulative necrosis is present (correct)
  • Apoptotic bodies are formed
  • Presence of liquefactive necrosis

    • What are the typical changes observed in the nuclei during necrosis?

  • Nuclear growth with excessive chromatin condensation
  • Nuclear duplication and cell division
  • Basophilia of the chromatin may fade, shrinkage, and fragmentation (correct)
  • Nuclear swelling followed by fragmentation

    • How does apoptosis differ from necrosis?

  • Apoptosis involves shrunken cells and formation of apoptotic bodies (correct)
  • Apoptosis is followed by inflammation
  • Apoptosis causes death of clusters of cells
  • Apoptosis occurs only in response to severe injury

    • What is responsible for the cytoplasmic changes observed in necrosis?

    <p>Degradative action of enzymes on injured cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about apoptosis is true?

    <p>It is a physiologic process for removing excess cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'pathology' refer to?

    <p>Study of diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism through which necrosis occurs?

    <p>Oxidative phosphorylation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance?

    <p>Caseous necrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is a common cause of acute cell injury and necrosis?

    <p>Ischemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of necrosis occurs due to trauma to fatty tissues?

    <p>Fat necrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically observed in liquefactive necrosis?

    <p>Formation of pus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of immunologic reactions?

    <p>Cell and tissue injury (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis is most associated with vascular occlusion affecting the lower extremities?

    <p>Gangrenous necrosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pathology definition

    The scientific study of disease.

    Necrosis

    A type of cell death where excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and membrane rupture.

    Necrosis mechanisms

    Cell damage can occur due to hypoxia, free radicals, membrane damage, or increased intracellular calcium levels.

    Ischemic injury

    Diminished blood flow to a tissue, often causing cell injury.

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    Coagulative necrosis

    Necrosis type resulting from sudden interruption of blood supply, often affecting organs like the heart.

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    Liquefactive necrosis

    Necrosis characterized by tissue digestion, softening, and liquefaction. Often found in infections.

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    Causes of cell injury

    Ischemic injury, chemical injury, infections, immune reactions, and genetic defects.

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    Apoptosis

    Another type of cell death, a programmed cell death.

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    Necrosis definition

    A type of cell death where membrane integrity is lost and cellular contents leak out due to enzyme action on damaged cells.

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    Necrosis Morphology

    Cytoplasmic changes (more pink), and nuclear changes (karyolysis, pyknosis, karyorrhexis).

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    Apoptosis definition

    Programmed cell death of a single cell in a group

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    Apoptosis vs. Necrosis

    Necrosis is cell cluster death and causes inflammation, apoptosis is single-cell death and doesn't cause inflammation.

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    Apoptosis Morphology

    Cell shrinkage, increased acidophilic staining, and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies are hallmarks of apoptosis

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    Study Notes

    Definition of Pathology

    • Pathology is the scientific study of disease.
    • The word "pathology" comes from Latin words "patho" (disease) and "logy" (study).

    Cell Death

    • Cells can die in two ways: necrosis and apoptosis.

    Necrosis

    • Excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and rupture of the membrane.
    • Enzymes for cell digestion come from dying cells or leukocytes.
    • Mechanisms include hypoxia, free radical-induced injury, cell membrane damage, and increased intracellular calcium level.
    • Common causes include ischemic injury (reduced blood flow), chemical injury (like mercury chloride poisoning), infections (viral, bacterial, fungal), immune reactions, or genetic defects.

    Types of Necrosis

    • Coagulative necrosis: Often from sudden loss of blood supply, especially to the heart.
    • Liquefactive necrosis: Tissue digestion and softening; occurs in suppurative infections (pus formation).
    • Fat necrosis: Trauma to tissues with high fat content (e.g., breast).
    • Caseous necrosis: Cheese-like appearance; typical of tuberculosis.
    • Gangrenous necrosis: Due to vascular occlusion (blocked blood vessels), frequently affects lower extremities and bowel. Can be "wet" (complications of bacterial infection with liquefactive necrosis) or "dry" (coagulative necrosis without liquefactive).

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is the death of individual cells within clusters of other cells (unlike necrosis which affects clusters of cells).
    • Cells shrink and show increased acidophilic staining.
    • Fragmentation of cells into apoptotic bodies occurs.
    • A normal physiological process for removing cells during development (embryogenesis), menstruation, etc. Also seen in response to mild injurious stimuli.
    • Apoptosis does not usually cause inflammation or calcification.

    Morphology of Necrosis

    • Cytoplasmic changes: Increased eosinophilia (pink staining).
    • Nuclear changes: Karyolysis (chromatin fading), pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), and karyorrhexis (fragmentation). The nucleus may disappear completely one to two days after cell death.

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    Necrosis Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the concepts of pathology, focusing on cell death mechanisms such as necrosis and apoptosis. Learn about different types of necrosis and their causes, including ischemic and chemical injuries. This quiz will enhance your understanding of cellular processes related to disease.

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