Introduction to Pathology and Cell Death
18 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the definition of pathology?

The study of disease by scientific methods.

What are the two ways cells can die?

Necrosis and apoptosis.

What are the mechanisms by which necrosis occurs? (Select all that apply)

  • Increased intracellular calcium level (correct)
  • Hypoxia (correct)
  • Free radical-induced cell injury (correct)
  • Cell membrane damage (correct)

    • Ischemia is a common cause of acute cell injury?

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible cause of mercuric chloride poisoning?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated seafood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some examples of infectious agents that can cause cell injury?

    <p>Bacteria (A), Fungi (C), Viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immune reactions are always beneficial to the body and never cause cell injury.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coagulative necrosis most often caused by?

    <p>Sudden interruption of blood supply to an organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is liquefactive necrosis characterized by?

    <p>Digestion of tissue, softening, and liquefaction of tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of necrosis can be caused by trauma to tissue with high fat content?

    <p>Fat necrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Caseous necrosis has a characteristic cheese-like appearance.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of gangrene?

    <p>Wet gangrene and dry gangrene.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of necrosis?

    <p>Loss of membrane integrity and leakage of cell content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three patterns of nuclear changes in necrosis?

    <p>Karyolysis, pyknosis, and karyorrhexis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis causes the death of clusters of cells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the characteristic features of apoptosis?

    <p>Cell shrinkage, increased acidophilic staining, and fragmentation into apoptotic bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Apoptosis is followed by inflammation and calcification.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do apoptotic cells in a normal crypt in the colonic epithelium show?

    <p>Fragmented nuclei with condensed chromatin and shrunken cell bodies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Pathology

    The scientific study of disease.

    Necrosis

    A type of cell death caused by injury, characterized by swelling and membrane rupture.

    Apoptosis

    Programmed cell death, often a normal part of development or response to injury.

    Hypoxia

    Lack of oxygen.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Free radical injury

    Cell damage caused by unstable molecules.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Cell membrane damage

    Disruption of the cell's outer boundary.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Increased intracellular calcium

    Harmful elevation of calcium within cells.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Ischemic injury

    Lack of blood supply to a tissue.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Toxic injury

    Harms due to chemicals or substances.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Infectious agent injury

    Cell damage induced by microbes (viruses, bacteria, fungi).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Immune reaction injury

    Body's defence mechanisms causing damage.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Genetic defects

    Errors in cell's blueprints causing disease.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Coagulative necrosis

    Necrosis where tissues appear firm and thickened.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Liquefactive necrosis

    Necrosis where tissues soften due to digestion.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Fat necrosis

    Necrosis in fatty tissue, often from trauma.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Caseous necrosis

    Necrosis with a cheese-like appearance.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Gangrenous necrosis

    Necrosis due to vascular occlusion, may involve bacteria.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Loss of membrane integrity

    Cell membrane breakdown during necrosis, releasing content in death.

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Eosinophilia

    Increased pink staining of cells (in necrosis).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Karyolysis

    Fading of nuclear basophilia (in necrosis).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Pyknosis

    Nuclear shrinkage (in necrosis).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Karyorrhexis

    Fragmentation of a pyknotic nucleus (in necrosis).

    Signup and view all the flashcards

    Study Notes

    Definition of Pathology

    • Pathology is the scientific study of disease.
    • The word pathology comes from Latin words "patho" and "logy".
    • "Patho" means disease, and "logy" means study.

    Cell Death

    • Cells can die in two ways: necrosis and apoptosis.

    Necrosis

    • Excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and rupture of the cell membrane.
    • Enzymes for cell digestion come from dying cells or leukocytes.
    • Necrosis can occur due to different mechanisms:
      • Hypoxia
      • Free radical-induced cell injury
      • Cell membrane damage
      • Increased intracellular calcium level
    • Causes of cell injury and necrosis:
      • Ischemic and hypoxic injury (reduced blood flow)
      • Chemical (toxic) injury (e.g., mercury chloride poisoning)
      • Infectious agents (viral, bacterial, fungal)
      • Immunological reaction (immune system attacking cells)
      • Genetic defects

    Types of Necrosis

    • Coagulative necrosis: Often results from sudden interruption of blood supply to an organ (e.g., heart).
    • Liquefactive necrosis: Tissue digestion and softening, leading to liquefaction, typically seen in suppurative infections (pus formation).
    • Fat necrosis: Caused by trauma to tissues with high fat content (e.g., breast).
    • Caseous necrosis: Has a cheese-like appearance; typical in tuberculosis.
    • Gangrenous necrosis: Often affects lower extremities or bowel due to vascular occlusion; can be wet (with liquefactive necrosis) or dry (only coagulative).

    Apoptosis

    • Apoptosis is the death of single cells within clusters of other cells.
    • Apoptosis involves cell shrinkage and increased acidophilic staining.
    • Cell fragments are called apoptotic bodies.
    • Apoptosis occurs as a normal physiological process (e.g., development, menstruation).
    • Apoptosis can also occur in pathological conditions due to mild injury.
    • Apoptosis is not followed by inflammation or calcification.
    • Necrosis vs. Apoptosis: Apoptosis and Necrosis differ in their morphological appearance.

    Morphology of Necrosis

    • Cytoplasmic changes: Increased eosinophilia (pink).
    • Nuclear changes: Three patterns: karyolysis (chromatin fading), pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (fragmentation).
    • The nucleus may completely disappear within 1-2 days.

    Morphology of Apoptotic Cells

    • Apoptotic cells generally show fragmented nuclei with condensed chromatin.
    • Apoptotic cells have shrunken cell bodies.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Necrosis Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamental concepts of pathology, including the definitions and mechanisms of cell death. This quiz covers essential aspects like necrosis, apoptosis, and the various causes of cell injury. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of pathological processes.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser