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What is the definition of pathology?
What is the definition of pathology?
The study of disease by scientific methods.
What are the two ways cells can die?
What are the two ways cells can die?
Necrosis and apoptosis.
What are the mechanisms by which necrosis occurs? (Select all that apply)
What are the mechanisms by which necrosis occurs? (Select all that apply)
Ischemia is a common cause of acute cell injury?
Ischemia is a common cause of acute cell injury?
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What is a possible cause of mercuric chloride poisoning?
What is a possible cause of mercuric chloride poisoning?
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What are some examples of infectious agents that can cause cell injury?
What are some examples of infectious agents that can cause cell injury?
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Immune reactions are always beneficial to the body and never cause cell injury.
Immune reactions are always beneficial to the body and never cause cell injury.
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What is coagulative necrosis most often caused by?
What is coagulative necrosis most often caused by?
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What is liquefactive necrosis characterized by?
What is liquefactive necrosis characterized by?
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What type of necrosis can be caused by trauma to tissue with high fat content?
What type of necrosis can be caused by trauma to tissue with high fat content?
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Caseous necrosis has a characteristic cheese-like appearance.
Caseous necrosis has a characteristic cheese-like appearance.
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What are the two types of gangrene?
What are the two types of gangrene?
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What is the primary characteristic of necrosis?
What is the primary characteristic of necrosis?
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What are the three patterns of nuclear changes in necrosis?
What are the three patterns of nuclear changes in necrosis?
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Apoptosis causes the death of clusters of cells.
Apoptosis causes the death of clusters of cells.
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What are the characteristic features of apoptosis?
What are the characteristic features of apoptosis?
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Apoptosis is followed by inflammation and calcification.
Apoptosis is followed by inflammation and calcification.
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What do apoptotic cells in a normal crypt in the colonic epithelium show?
What do apoptotic cells in a normal crypt in the colonic epithelium show?
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Study Notes
Definition of Pathology
- Pathology is the scientific study of disease.
- The word pathology comes from Latin words "patho" and "logy".
- "Patho" means disease, and "logy" means study.
Cell Death
- Cells can die in two ways: necrosis and apoptosis.
Necrosis
- Excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and rupture of the cell membrane.
- Enzymes for cell digestion come from dying cells or leukocytes.
- Necrosis can occur due to different mechanisms:
- Hypoxia
- Free radical-induced cell injury
- Cell membrane damage
- Increased intracellular calcium level
- Causes of cell injury and necrosis:
- Ischemic and hypoxic injury (reduced blood flow)
- Chemical (toxic) injury (e.g., mercury chloride poisoning)
- Infectious agents (viral, bacterial, fungal)
- Immunological reaction (immune system attacking cells)
- Genetic defects
Types of Necrosis
- Coagulative necrosis: Often results from sudden interruption of blood supply to an organ (e.g., heart).
- Liquefactive necrosis: Tissue digestion and softening, leading to liquefaction, typically seen in suppurative infections (pus formation).
- Fat necrosis: Caused by trauma to tissues with high fat content (e.g., breast).
- Caseous necrosis: Has a cheese-like appearance; typical in tuberculosis.
- Gangrenous necrosis: Often affects lower extremities or bowel due to vascular occlusion; can be wet (with liquefactive necrosis) or dry (only coagulative).
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is the death of single cells within clusters of other cells.
- Apoptosis involves cell shrinkage and increased acidophilic staining.
- Cell fragments are called apoptotic bodies.
- Apoptosis occurs as a normal physiological process (e.g., development, menstruation).
- Apoptosis can also occur in pathological conditions due to mild injury.
- Apoptosis is not followed by inflammation or calcification.
- Necrosis vs. Apoptosis: Apoptosis and Necrosis differ in their morphological appearance.
Morphology of Necrosis
- Cytoplasmic changes: Increased eosinophilia (pink).
- Nuclear changes: Three patterns: karyolysis (chromatin fading), pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), karyorrhexis (fragmentation).
- The nucleus may completely disappear within 1-2 days.
Morphology of Apoptotic Cells
- Apoptotic cells generally show fragmented nuclei with condensed chromatin.
- Apoptotic cells have shrunken cell bodies.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of pathology, including the definitions and mechanisms of cell death. This quiz covers essential aspects like necrosis, apoptosis, and the various causes of cell injury. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of pathological processes.
