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Questions and Answers
What distinguishes dry gangrene from other types of necrosis?
What distinguishes dry gangrene from other types of necrosis?
Which change is NOT typically seen in necrosis?
Which change is NOT typically seen in necrosis?
Which process is characterized by the removal of individual cells without causing inflammation?
Which process is characterized by the removal of individual cells without causing inflammation?
What feature is a characteristic of apoptosis?
What feature is a characteristic of apoptosis?
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What morphological change occurs in the nucleus during pyknosis?
What morphological change occurs in the nucleus during pyknosis?
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What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
What is the main difference between necrosis and apoptosis?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of necrosis?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of necrosis?
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What type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance?
What type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance?
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Which type of necrosis is primarily associated with bacterial infections that lead to pus formation?
Which type of necrosis is primarily associated with bacterial infections that lead to pus formation?
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Which mechanism can lead to cell injury in necrosis?
Which mechanism can lead to cell injury in necrosis?
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Gangrenous necrosis primarily occurs due to which condition?
Gangrenous necrosis primarily occurs due to which condition?
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What term describes the diminished blood flow to a tissue that can result in acute cell injury?
What term describes the diminished blood flow to a tissue that can result in acute cell injury?
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Fat necrosis is most commonly caused by damage to what type of tissue?
Fat necrosis is most commonly caused by damage to what type of tissue?
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Study Notes
Definition of Pathology
- Pathology is the scientific study of disease.
- The word "pathology" comes from Latin words "patho" (disease) and "logy" (study).
Cell Death Types
- Cells can die in two ways: Necrosis and Apoptosis.
Necrosis Mechanisms
- In necrosis, excess fluid enters the cell, causing swelling and rupture of its membrane.
- Enzymes for cell digestion are derived from dying cells and leukocytes.
- Necrosis can be caused by:
- Hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
- Free radical-induced cell injury
- Cell membrane damage
- Increased intracellular calcium level
Causes of Cell Injury and Necrosis
- Ischemic and Hypoxic Injury: Reduced blood flow to a tissue.
- Chemical (Toxic) Injury: Exposure to harmful substances like mercury, often from contaminated food.
- Infectious Agents: Infections by viruses, bacteria, or fungi.
- Immunologic Reactions: Immune responses that damage tissues.
- Genetic Defects: Errors in cellular processes.
Types of Necrosis
- Coagulative Necrosis: Occurs due to sudden interruption in blood supply to an organ (especially heart).
- Liquefactive Necrosis: Tissue digestion and liquefaction, often seen in suppurative infections (pus formation).
- Fat Necrosis: Trauma to fatty tissues, such as the breast.
- Caseous Necrosis: Cheese-like appearance, often associated with tuberculosis.
- Gangrenous Necrosis: Vascular occlusion, often affecting lower extremities or bowel. Can be wet (liquefactive component) or dry (only coagulative component).
Necrosis Morphology
- Cytoplasmic changes: Increased eosinophilia (pink stain).
- Nuclear changes: Karyolysis (chromatin fading), Pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage), Karyorrhexis (fragmentation).
- Nucleus may completely disappear in 1-2 days.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is the death of individual cells within a cluster of other cells.
- Necrosis leads to cellular cluster death.
- Features of apoptosis include:
- Cell shrinkage
- Acidophilic staining
- Fragmentation into apoptotic bodies
- Apoptosis is a normal process for tissue remodeling during development and other physiological processes. Can also occur in response to mild injury.
- Apoptosis is not followed by inflammation or calcification.
Apoptosis Morphology
- Apoptotic cells have fragmented nuclei with condensed chromatin and shrunken cell bodies.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of pathology and the different types of cell death, including necrosis and apoptosis. This quiz will guide you through the mechanisms of necrosis, causes of cell injury, and the role of various agents. Enhance your understanding of disease processes and cellular responses.
