Questions and Answers
What is a characteristic of compensatory hypertrophy?
Which type of hypertrophy is specifically related to increased intraluminal pressure?
Which of the following cell types is capable of undergoing hyperplasia?
What can cause pathological hyperplasia of the liver?
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Which type of hyperplasia is specifically associated with normal physiological functions such as puberty?
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What is metaplasia?
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Which of the following is NOT a cause of metaplasia?
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What is a common outcome once the cause of hyperplastic tissue is removed?
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Which of the following is an example of irritation hyperplasia?
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Which type of hypertrophy is associated with conditions like hypertension?
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Study Notes
Pathological Hypertrophy
- Compensatory hypertrophy occurs when one organ in a paired set fails or is removed, leading to enlargement of the remaining organ, such as one kidney enlarging.
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Adaptive hypertrophy affects the muscle layer of hollow organs due to increased pressure within the organ, with specific examples including:
- Left ventricular hypertrophy due to hypertension or aortic stenosis.
- Urinary bladder hypertrophy resulting from bladder neck obstruction.
- Hypertrophy of the intestinal wall arising from chronic intestinal obstruction.
Hyperplasia
- Defined as an abnormal increase in the number of cells, leading to the enlargement of a tissue or organ.
- Only occurs in cells that can divide; nerve cells, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle do not undergo hyperplasia.
- Hyperplastic tissue will regress if the underlying cause is eliminated.
Types of Hyperplasia
- Physiological hyperplasia occurs naturally, such as mammary gland development and genitalia changes at puberty.
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Pathological hyperplasia includes various subtypes:
- Compensatory hyperplasia such as bone marrow hyperplasia following hemorrhage or hemolysis and liver hyperplasia after partial keratectomy, restoring normal liver weight within weeks.
- Hormonal hyperplasia, exemplified by hyperplasia in thyroid epithelium due to excess thyrotrophic hormone in thyrotoxicosis.
- Irritation hyperplasia, characterized by increased lymphoid tissue proliferation in response to antigen exposure.
Metaplasia
- Describes the transformation of one mature cell type into another of the same category, allowing adaptation to environmental changes.
- This process is reversible and serves to replace cells that are sensitive to stimuli with more resilient cell types suitable for enduring stressful environments.
- Can occur in proliferating cells, notably epithelial and connective tissue cells.
Causes of Metaplasia
- Prolonged irritation from external stimuli.
- Inflammatory responses in tissues.
- Hormonal imbalances affecting cell function.
- Nutritional deficiencies impacting cell health and regeneration.
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Description
This quiz explores the various types of pathological hypertrophy, including compensatory and adaptive types. It discusses specific examples such as kidney and left ventricular hypertrophy, providing insight into their causes and implications. Perfect for students of pathology or those interested in understanding organ response to stress.
