Pathological and Developmental Changes

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of physiologic atrophy?

Caused by disease

Reversible process

Involves cell death

Natural due to aging (correct)

Which type of hypertrophy is characterized by an increase in workload and endocrine stimulation?

False hypertrophy

True hypertrophy (correct)

Compensatory hypertrophy

Pathologic hypertrophy

What describes metaplasia?

Irreversible cell death

Increase in cell size only

Adaptation to chronic irritation by cell type replacement (correct)

Permanent inability to adapt

What is the main difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy?

Hyperplasia results from an increase in cell number Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism is a common cause of cell injury?

Oxygen deprivation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell death is characterized as pathologic and involves severe damage to cell membranes?

Necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Dysplasia is associated with which of the following?

Disordered growth with variation in size and shape Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential feature of neoplasia?

Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control Signup and view all the answers

What type of retrogressive change involves the incomplete or defective development of tissue or organ without resemblance to the adult structure?

Aplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which option describes a failure of an organ to reach its adult size due to incomplete development?

Hypoplasia Signup and view all the answers

What generally describes the cellular adaptation involving an acquired decrease in size of a normal mature tissue or organ?

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to changes that result in the enlargement of cells or tissues?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by the complete non-appearance of an organ?

Aplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of change is primarily due to aberrations in cell growth?

Degenerative Changes Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a failure of an organ to form an opening?

Atresia Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of progressive changes in terms of cell adaptation?

Cells enlarging beyond normal size Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of apoptosis in cells?

Deprivation of growth factors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is characterized by a cheese-like appearance due to tuberculous infection?

Caseous necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What cytoplasmic change is associated with necrosis allowing for increased eosinophilia?

Denaturation of cytoplasmic proteins Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a recognizable change associated with nuclear necrosis?

Nuclear fission Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis involves the destruction of adipose tissue due to the release of activated pancreatic lipase?

Fat necrosis Signup and view all the answers

In inflammation, which cardinal sign is characterized by increased blood flow to a site?

Calor (Heat) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of liquefactive necrosis?

Presence of pus Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the antibodies and antigen complexes deposited in arterial walls in fibrinoid necrosis?

Fibrinoid Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Retrogressive Changes

Decrease in size of normal mature tissue/organ
Types
Developmental Changes - Aplasia - Incomplete or defective development of tissue/organ bearing no resemblance to the adult structure - Agenesis - Complete non-appearance of the organ - Hypoplasia - Failure of organ to reach its adult size due to incomplete development - Atresia - Failure of an organ to form an opening
Atrophy - Physiologic Atrophy - Natural, due to aging - Pathologic Atrophy - Due to disease

Progressive Changes

Hypertrophy - Increase in size of tissues/organs due to increase in size of individual cells
Types - True Hypertrophy - Due to increased workload and endocrine stimulation - False Hypertrophy - Due to edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation - Compensatory Hypertrophy - Occurs when one of the paired organs has been removed or functional insufficiency
Hyperplasia - Increase in size due to increase in number of cells
Types - Physiologic Hyperplasia - Natural - Pathologic Hyperplasia - Due to disease

Degenerative Changes

Metaplasia - Replacement of one type of cell to another
Adaptation to chronic injury/irritation
Reversible, prone to malignancy
Dysplasia - "Disordered growth"
- Variation in size, shape and orientation associated with chronic inflammation and protracted irritation
Anaplasia - Regressive change in adult's cells towards a more primitive or embryonic cell type
Utilized as a criterion towards malignancy
Neoplasia - Continuous abnormal proliferation of cells without control

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Description

Explore the various types of retrogressive and progressive changes in tissues and organs. Understand the differences between atrophy, hypertrophy, and their subtypes, including aplasia, agenesis, and more. This quiz delves into both developmental changes and physiological adaptations in the body.