Pathological Changes in Tissues and Organs
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Questions and Answers

What can cause exhaustion atrophy in organs?

  • Diminished nerve stimulation
  • Increased size of individual cells
  • Prolonged overwork of an endocrine organ (correct)
  • Reduced blood supply due to inactivity

What characterizes hypertrophy?

  • Functional atrophy of organs
  • Increase in the number of cells
  • Increase in size of individual cells (correct)
  • General wasting of tissue

Which type of atrophy is related to reduced function or inactivity of a tissue or organ?

  • Physical atrophy
  • Endocrine atrophy
  • Exhaustion atrophy
  • Pathologic atrophy (correct)

What is true about compensatory hypertrophy?

<p>It affects only the paired organ that remains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does endocrine atrophy primarily affect organs?

<p>By reducing or eliminating endocrine stimulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition best exemplifies physiological hyperplasia?

<p>Breast tissue during pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes false hypertrophy from true hypertrophy?

<p>It results from edema fluid and connective tissue proliferation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary result of starvation or hunger atrophy?

<p>Diminished muscle and tissue mass. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best exemplifies hormonal hyperplasia?

<p>Enlargement of glandular epithelium in the female breast during puberty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which form of hyperplasia is a physiological response to injury?

<p>Compensatory hyperplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes dysplasia as opposed to metaplasia?

<p>Changes in the structural components of cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with pathological hyperplasia?

<p>Enlargement of the uterus during pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of metaplasia in the respiratory tract?

<p>Chronic irritation from smoke (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes an action of compensatory hyperplasia?

<p>Increased mitotic activity after skin abrasion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process involves a regressive alteration typically linked to chronic inflammation?

<p>Dysplasia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between metaplasia and dysplasia?

<p>Dysplasia involves changes to the cell architecture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of histology?

<p>Understanding the structure and arrangement of cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of pathology combines both histology and pathology?

<p>Histopathology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for the maintenance of the cell's shape?

<p>Cytoplasm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes?

<p>Digestion of waste materials (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular process involves the intake of extracellular materials by the cell?

<p>Pinocytosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the major role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

<p>Synthesis and transport of proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What component of the cell contains hydrolytic enzymes?

<p>Lysosomes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the living substance that surrounds the nucleus of a cell called?

<p>Cytoplasm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does hypoplasia indicate in terms of organ development?

<p>Failure to achieve mature adult size (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with the complete non-appearance of an organ?

<p>Agenesia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be considered a type of pathologic atrophy?

<p>Atrophy due to pressure on tissue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a cause of atrophy?

<p>Excessive exercise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the failure of an organ to form an opening?

<p>Atresia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which condition would you expect vascular atrophy to be commonly encountered?

<p>Progressive arteriosclerosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes physiologic atrophy?

<p>A natural consequence of maturation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one possible consequence of pressure atrophy?

<p>Diminished blood supply (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of excretion in cellular properties?

<p>To eliminate waste materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following cellular properties allows a cell to respond to stimuli?

<p>Irritability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cellular adaptation involves an increase in the size of a tissue or organ?

<p>Hypertrophy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during atrophy?

<p>Cells decrease in size and function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines neoplasia in cellular changes?

<p>Uncontrolled cell growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptive change refers to the abnormal change of one tissue type to another?

<p>Metaplasia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is hyperplasia characterized by?

<p>Increase in cell number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with retrogressive changes?

<p>Atrophy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Atrophy

Decrease in size of a body part, cell, organ, or tissue due to acquired factors.

Irritability

The ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus.

Conductivity

The ability of a cell to transmit a wave of excitation through its substance.

Respiration

The process of taking in oxygen and using it to oxidize food substances, releasing energy.

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Secretion

The ability of a cell to synthesize useful substances from those it absorbs and release these secretory products.

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Contractility

The ability of a cell to shorten and return to its original length when the stimulus is removed.

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Absorption & assimilation

The ability of a cell to absorb food and other substances and utilize them.

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Excretion

Elimination of waste materials from the body.

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Mitochondria

The mitochondria is responsible for generating energy for the cell through cellular respiration. It is often called the "powerhouse of the cell" because it produces ATP, the primary energy currency of the cell.

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Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that provides structure and support to the cell. It helps maintain the shape of the cell and allows for movement of organelles and inclusions within the cell.

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Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles containing enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. They are sometimes referred to as "suicide bags" because they can digest the cell if their contents are released.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranes that plays a role in protein synthesis, transport, and modification. There are two types: rough ER, which has ribosomes attached, and smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes.

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Nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the genetic material (DNA). It regulates cellular activities and directs the production of proteins.

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Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are small organelles that contain enzymes involved in detoxification and the breakdown of fatty acids. They are important for producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and breaking it down into water.

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Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membrane-bound sacs involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

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Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance that fills the cell and surrounds the nucleus. It contains all the organelles and inclusions of the cell.

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Aplasia

The incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ.

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Agenesis

The complete absence or non-appearance of an organ.

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Hypoplasia

An organ that fails to reach its full adult size due to incomplete development.

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Atresia

The failure of an organ to form an opening.

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Physiologic Atrophy

Atrophy that occurs as a natural consequence of maturation (e.g., thymus and lymphoid tissues during puberty).

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Pathologic Atrophy

Atrophy that occurs due to disease or external factors outside the range of normal variability.

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Vascular Atrophy

Atrophy caused by a reduced blood supply to an organ or tissue.

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Atrophy of Disuse

Atrophy caused by a lack of use or inactivity.

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Exhaustion Atrophy

Atrophy caused by excessive workload leading to cell exhaustion.

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Endocrine Atrophy

Atrophy caused by a decrease in endocrine stimulation.

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Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an enlargement of individual cells.

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True Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy caused by increased workload or endocrine stimulation.

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False Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy caused by fluid accumulation and connective tissue growth.

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Compensatory Hypertrophy

Hypertrophy of one organ compensating for loss or insufficiency of the other.

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Hormonal hyperplasia

A type of hyperplasia that occurs in response to hormonal stimulation, such as during puberty or pregnancy.

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Compensatory hyperplasia

A type of hyperplasia that occurs when a part of an organ is removed, leading to the remaining cells dividing to compensate for the loss.

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Pathologic hyperplasia

A type of hyperplasia that occurs due to a disease process, like the increased number of cells in the intestines during typhoid fever.

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Metaplasia

A reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.

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Dysplasia

A regressive change in cells with variations in size, shape, and arrangement often associated with chronic inflammation and irritation.

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Squamous metaplasia

A change in adult cells where one adult cell type is replaced with another adult cell type; often occurs in the respiratory tract due to chronic irritation.

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Dysplasia

A type of cell change where cells are distorted and disorganized, often a precursor to cancer. It's a regressive change in cell development.

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Study Notes

Review of Normal Histology

  • Histology is the microscopic anatomy of tissues, focusing on how cell structure and arrangement optimize organ functions.
  • Pathology studies changes in cell, tissue, and organ structure and function during disease.
  • Histopathology combines histology and pathology; it studies disease in tissue sections.
  • Histochemistry identifies and maps chemical components of tissues using stains, indicators, and microscopy.
  • Cytology studies cells.

Normal Cell Structure

  • The cell's powerhouse, responsible for maintaining shape and moving organelles.
  • Involved in phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
  • Aids in protein synthesis, intracellular transport, and release.
  • The control center of all cell activities.
  • Produces or destroys H2O2, converting it to water
  • Plays a role in glycoprotein synthesis, packaging, transport, and release of secretory materials into the cell.
  • The living substance surrounding the nucleus.
  • Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes, active during cell division and cilia formation.
  • Involved in ribosome synthesis.

Epithelial Tissues

  • Slides 8-13 display various types of epithelial tissues.
  • Images in the presentation illustrate different microscopic views of epithelial tissues.

Connective Tissues

  • Slides 14-18 depict microscopic images of different connective tissues.

Muscle Tissues

  • Slides 22-28 show various muscle tissue types under the microscope.

Nervous Tissue

  • Slide 27 shows microscopic images of different nervous tissue.

Cellular Properties

  • Respiration: Cells take oxygen to oxidize food, releasing energy.
  • Excretion: Cells eliminate waste.
  • Absorption & Assimilation: Cells take in and use food and other substances.
  • Secretion: Cells produce useful substances from absorbed ones and release them.
  • Irritability: Ability to respond to stimulation.
  • Conductivity: Ability to transmit excitation throughout the cell.
  • Contractility: Ability to contract and return to original length upon stimulation.
  • Cell division: Ability to grow and reproduce.

Cellular Adaptations

  • A state intermediate between normal and stressed cells, allowing equilibrium between the cell and environment.
  • Tissues and organs might be smaller or larger than usual.
  • Important adaptive changes include atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and metaplasia.
    • Atrophy refers to a decrease in tissue size or number of cells, due to decreased workload, loss of innervation, poor blood supply, or lack of nutrition.
    • Hypertrophy refers to an increase in tissue size due to an increase in cell size. Examples include muscle growth after exercise.
    • Hyperplasia is an increase in tissue size or number of cells due to growth of new cells.
    • Metaplasia is a reversible change where one adult cell type is replaced by another. Chronic irritation can cause this process.
  • Additional adaptive changes include dysplasia and anaplasia:
    • Dysplasia refers to modifications in the structural components of cells while metaplasia involves changes to the cell type.
    • Anaplasia represents a regression toward more primitive cell types; this is often a sign of malignancy.
    • Neoplasia involves uncontrolled cell proliferation with no useful purpose.

Retrogressive Changes

  • Includes developmental defects and atrophy
    • Developmental defects include aplasia (incomplete development), agenesis (missing development), hypoplasia (incomplete growth), and atresia (failure to develop an opening).
    • Atrophy is a reduction in tissue size due to decreased workload, reduced blood supply, or decreased nutrition. Types include physiological (natural consequences of maturation; like thymus shrinkage), pathological (occurs due to disease, including vascular or pressure-based atrophy) and endocrine-related atrophy.

Progressive Changes

  • Include hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
    • Hypertrophy involves an increase in the size of cells in tissues, frequently seen in muscle growth in response to exercise, and compensatory hypertrophy (when one kidney is removed and the remaining one increases in size).
    • Hyperplasia refers to an increase in the total number of cells in a tissue, associated with hormonal influence (like in puberty and pregnancy) or due to compensation for tissue loss.

Degenerative Changes

  • Include metaplasia, dysplasia, anaplasia, and neoplasia.
    • Metaplasia is the reversible substitution of one cell type for another, frequently in response to injury.
    • Dysplasia is the abnormal alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells, often found in abnormal growths or due to chronic irritation.
    • Anaplasia is a form of cellular regression toward a more primitive type of cell, typically a sign of malignancy.
    • Neoplasia refers to abnormal cell growth without any useful purpose(tumor).

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Review of Normal Histology PDF

Description

This quiz explores various pathological changes in tissues and organs, including atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, and dysplasia. It covers their causes, characteristics, and differences, with a focus on physiological and pathological processes. Test your understanding of these crucial concepts in pathology.

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