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Questions and Answers
What is amyloidosis?
What is amyloidosis?
The extracellular deposition of abnormal protein
Which of the following are types of amyloid material?
Which of the following are types of amyloid material?
What are the two main categories of amyloidosis?
What are the two main categories of amyloidosis?
What is a common cause of secondary amyloidosis?
What is a common cause of secondary amyloidosis?
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Amyloidosis is a common condition that affects most people.
Amyloidosis is a common condition that affects most people.
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What are the gross characteristics of an organ affected by amyloidosis?
What are the gross characteristics of an organ affected by amyloidosis?
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What are the two main types of microscopic stains used to identify amyloid deposits?
What are the two main types of microscopic stains used to identify amyloid deposits?
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What is the primary complication of renal amyloidosis?
What is the primary complication of renal amyloidosis?
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Which of the following conditions can be caused by amyloidosis in the heart?
Which of the following conditions can be caused by amyloidosis in the heart?
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What is the primary diagnostic tool for amyloidosis?
What is the primary diagnostic tool for amyloidosis?
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Which of the following is a common type of connective tissue hyalinosis?
Which of the following is a common type of connective tissue hyalinosis?
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What is the hallmark of cellular hyalinosis?
What is the hallmark of cellular hyalinosis?
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Where are Russel bodies typically observed?
Where are Russel bodies typically observed?
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What is the difference between mucoid and myxomatous change?
What is the difference between mucoid and myxomatous change?
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Which of the following conditions is associated with melanin deficiency?
Which of the following conditions is associated with melanin deficiency?
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What is the main pigment found in hemosiderosis?
What is the main pigment found in hemosiderosis?
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What is the major difference between hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis?
What is the major difference between hemosiderosis and hemochromatosis?
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Which of the following can cause anthracosis?
Which of the following can cause anthracosis?
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What is the cause of gout?
What is the cause of gout?
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Where are urate crystals most commonly deposited in gout?
Where are urate crystals most commonly deposited in gout?
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Which of the following conditions is often associated with secondary gout?
Which of the following conditions is often associated with secondary gout?
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What is another name for metastatic calcification?
What is another name for metastatic calcification?
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Calcification only occurs in dead tissue.
Calcification only occurs in dead tissue.
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Study Notes
Tissue Accumulations and Deposits
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Types of tissue accumulations and deposits include: amyloidosis, hyalinization, mucoid and myxomatous changes, deposited pigments, gout, and pathological calcification.
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Amyloidosis is the extracellular deposition of abnormal proteins.
Nature of Amyloid Material
- Amyloid material is composed of fibril protein.
- The fibril protein has amyloid light chain (AL) and amyloid-associated protein (AA) components.
Types of Amyloidosis
- Amyloidosis can be localized or systemic.
- Localized amyloidosis is associated with conditions like haemodialysis and hereditary transthyretin neuropathy.
- Systemic amyloidosis can be primary or secondary.
- Primary amyloidosis is linked to amyloid light (AL)
- Secondary amyloidosis is associated with amyloid-associated protein (AA)
Pathogenesis of Systemic Amyloidosis
- Primary amyloidosis is related to multiple myeloma (malignant tumor of plasma cells).
- Secondary amyloidosis arises from chronic inflammation or malignant conditions.
Secondary Amyloidosis
- Conditions linked to secondary amyloidosis include:
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Chronic suppurative conditions (empyema, lung abscess, bronchiectasis)
- Infective granulomas (tuberculosis)
- Malignant tumors (Hodgkin lymphoma, gastric carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma)
Amyloid Stains
- Gross staining involves Lugol's iodine stain and iodine and sulphuric acid stains.
- Microscopic staining includes hematoxylin and eosin stain, Congo red stain, and metachromatic stain.
Gross Affection of any Organ
- Grossly affected organs exhibit enlargement, firmness, and a rubbery texture.
Liver Amyloidosis
- Liver amyloidosis displays specific microscopic features.
Renal Amyloidosis
- Renal amyloidosis can lead to significant complications like proteinuria, diabetes insipidus, and reduced kidney function due to arteriolosclerosis, and ischemia.
Diagnosis of Amyloidosis
- Biopsy is crucial for diagnosing amyloidosis.
- Potential complications of amyloidosis include renal failure, heart failure, intestinal obstruction, and Addison's disease.
Hyalinosis
- Hyalinosis refers to a microscopic change in tissues.
- It involves a homogenous, structureless appearance and pinkish coloration.
- Hyalinosis can manifest in connective tissues.
Cellular Hyalinosis
- Cellular hyalinosis is another form of hyalinization.
- Mallory body formation in alcoholic cirrhosis is a prominent example of cellular hyalinosis.
Mucoid Change
- Mucoid change occurs when mucin is deposited inside cells. this commonly found in inflammatory conditions like catarrhal inflammation.
Myxomatous Change
- Myxomatous change involves deposition of mucin outside the cells.
- Leiomyoma and umbilical cords are typical locations where myxomatous changes arise.
Pigments
- Pigments can be endogenous or exogenous.
- Melanin deficiency leads to conditions like albinism and leucoderma.
- Exogenous pigmentation includes anthracosis, lead exposure, parasitic pigmentation, or tattooing.
- Endogenous pigments include melanin, lipofuscin, hemoglobin-derived pigments (haemosiderin, hemosiderosis, and hematin), iron pigment.
Exogenous Pigmentation
- Routes of exogenous pigmentation include inhalation (anthracosis), inoculation (tattoing), and ingestion (lead).
Gout
- Gout results from a purine metabolism disturbance, leading to sodium urate crystal deposits.
- This can manifest in joints and cause inflammation.
- Gout has primary (hereditary) and secondary (leukemia-related) causes.
Pathological Calcification
- Pathological calcification involves calcium salt deposits in tissues other than bone and teeth.
- A type of pathological calcification, dystrophic calcification, occurs.
Metastatic Calcification
- Metastatic calcification involves calcium deposits in tissues due to elevated calcium levels from increased absorption or mobilization.
- Causes include hypervitaminosis D, hyperparathyroidism, and metastatic bone lesions.
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Description
Explore the various types of tissue accumulations, focusing on amyloidosis and its pathological implications. Understand the composition, types, and pathogenesis of systemic and localized amyloidosis. This quiz will test your knowledge on the relationship between amyloidosis and diseases like multiple myeloma.
