Podcast
Questions and Answers
Infectious ______ injure cells by producing toxins.
Infectious ______ injure cells by producing toxins.
pathogens
Fatty change occurs in organs where ______ are actively involved in metabolism.
Fatty change occurs in organs where ______ are actively involved in metabolism.
acids
Infectious ______ disrupt metabolic pathways and damage infected cells.
Infectious ______ disrupt metabolic pathways and damage infected cells.
responses
Rapid accumulation of ______ occurs in the course of an infection.
Rapid accumulation of ______ occurs in the course of an infection.
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[Blank] change leads to the formation of lipid vacuoles.
[Blank] change leads to the formation of lipid vacuoles.
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Infectious pathogens injure cells by producing ______.
Infectious pathogens injure cells by producing ______.
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Eosinophilic ______.
Eosinophilic ______.
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Infectious pathogens injure cells, leading to ______ of metabolic pathways.
Infectious pathogens injure cells, leading to ______ of metabolic pathways.
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Hypoxia refers to ______ oxygen supply.
Hypoxia refers to ______ oxygen supply.
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Ischemia refers to ______ blood flow.
Ischemia refers to ______ blood flow.
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Blockage of ______ or loss of blood causes hypoxia and ischemia.
Blockage of ______ or loss of blood causes hypoxia and ischemia.
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Cell injury can be classified into ______ and irreversible injury.
Cell injury can be classified into ______ and irreversible injury.
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During reversible injury, the cell may recover through ______.
During reversible injury, the cell may recover through ______.
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Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria is a characteristic of ______ cell injury.
Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria is a characteristic of ______ cell injury.
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Breakdown of plasma membrane, organelles, and nucleus leads to ______.
Breakdown of plasma membrane, organelles, and nucleus leads to ______.
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Inflammation occurs in response to ______ cells.
Inflammation occurs in response to ______ cells.
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Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells occurs through ______.
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells occurs through ______.
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Necrosis is a type of ______ cell death.
Necrosis is a type of ______ cell death.
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The sequence of events in cell injury that culminate in ______ or apoptosis is illustrated in the figure.
The sequence of events in cell injury that culminate in ______ or apoptosis is illustrated in the figure.
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Myelin figures are collections of ______ in concentric layers released from damaged plasma membranes.
Myelin figures are collections of ______ in concentric layers released from damaged plasma membranes.
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In cells undergoing necrosis, mitochondria often contain ______ densities visible by electron microscopy.
In cells undergoing necrosis, mitochondria often contain ______ densities visible by electron microscopy.
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The structure and function of the ______ membrane are altered in cell injury.
The structure and function of the ______ membrane are altered in cell injury.
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The mitochondria may swell and ______ may occur in cell injury.
The mitochondria may swell and ______ may occur in cell injury.
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The ______ may become deformed, with detachment of ribosomes and dissociation of polysomes in cell injury.
The ______ may become deformed, with detachment of ribosomes and dissociation of polysomes in cell injury.
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Nuclear ______ may clump in cell injury.
Nuclear ______ may clump in cell injury.
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Cell injury can lead to ______ of cell death.
Cell injury can lead to ______ of cell death.
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I[necrosis] also occurs as a pathological event even when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the ______'s DNA or proteins.
I[necrosis] also occurs as a pathological event even when cells are damaged, especially when the damage affects the ______'s DNA or proteins.
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Physiological ______ is a process of programmed cell death that occurs during development or as a homeostatic mechanism to eliminate unwanted cells.
Physiological ______ is a process of programmed cell death that occurs during development or as a homeostatic mechanism to eliminate unwanted cells.
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Death of cells during development of ______ such as cells of primordial tissues is replaced by mature tissues.
Death of cells during development of ______ such as cells of primordial tissues is replaced by mature tissues.
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Death of ______ cells (neurocytes and myocytes) after injury and immune responses have eliminated the damaged cells.
Death of ______ cells (neurocytes and myocytes) after injury and immune responses have eliminated the damaged cells.
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Elimination of ______ dysfunctional or autoreactive immune cells or their precursors, particularly in the bone marrow and the thymus.
Elimination of ______ dysfunctional or autoreactive immune cells or their precursors, particularly in the bone marrow and the thymus.
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Liquefactive ______ is a type of necrosis that results in the dissolution of tissue.
Liquefactive ______ is a type of necrosis that results in the dissolution of tissue.
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The process of ______ is a mechanism to eliminate damaged cells and prevent their potential harm to the organism.
The process of ______ is a mechanism to eliminate damaged cells and prevent their potential harm to the organism.
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[Blank] is a process of cell death that occurs due to irreversible damage to the cell's DNA or proteins.
[Blank] is a process of cell death that occurs due to irreversible damage to the cell's DNA or proteins.
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The breakdown of ______ produces numerous other molecules and toxic products.
The breakdown of ______ produces numerous other molecules and toxic products.
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These molecules are normally contained within ______ cells and whose release results in cell destruction.
These molecules are normally contained within ______ cells and whose release results in cell destruction.
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The release of activated ______ enzymes into the bloodstream leads to severe cell injury.
The release of activated ______ enzymes into the bloodstream leads to severe cell injury.
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These molecules are recognized by the ______ of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity.
These molecules are recognized by the ______ of the pancreas and the peritoneal cavity.
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Receptors expressed by ______ and other cell types are involved in this process.
Receptors expressed by ______ and other cell types are involved in this process.
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This occurs in ______ pancreatitis (Chapter 13).
This occurs in ______ pancreatitis (Chapter 13).
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The necrosis of ______ tissues leads to cell destruction and tissue damage.
The necrosis of ______ tissues leads to cell destruction and tissue damage.
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These enzymes are released from the ______ and into the bloodstream, leading to tissue damage.
These enzymes are released from the ______ and into the bloodstream, leading to tissue damage.
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Study Notes
Cell Injury and Death
- Infectious pathogens injure cells by producing toxins that alter cellular metabolism and damage cells in organs involved in metabolism (e.g., liver, heart).
- Fatty change in organs occurs when active involvement of fatty acid metabolism disrupts metabolic pathways, leading to rapid accumulation of triglycerides and formation of lipid vacuoles.
Reversible Cell Injury
- Reversible cell injury occurs when cells can recover from injury without permanent damage.
- Characteristics of reversible cell injury include:
- Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria
- Breakdown of plasma membrane and organelles
- Leakage of contents from cells
- Reversible cell injury can progress to necrosis or apoptosis if not resolved.
Necrosis
- Necrosis is a form of cell death characterized by cell swelling, rupture of plasma membrane, and leakage of cellular contents.
- Necrosis can occur due to:
- Ischemia (reduced blood supply)
- Hypoxia (reduced oxygen supply)
- Infection
- Necrotic cells can release toxic signals that stimulate inflammation.
Apoptosis
- Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death characterized by:
- Cell shrinkage
- Chromatin condensation
- Formation of apoptotic bodies
- Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and fragments
- Apoptosis can occur due to:
- DNA damage
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Apoptosis is a normal process that occurs during development and tissue remodeling.
Myelin Figures
- Myelin figures are collections of phospholipids in concentric layers released from damaged plasma membranes.
- They can be seen in cells undergoing necrosis.
Cell Death
- Cell death can occur through:
- Necrosis
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy (cell self-digestion)
- Cell death can be triggered by:
- DNA damage
- Infection
- Inflammation
- Oxidative stress
Fatty Necrosis
- Fatty necrosis occurs when there is a release of activated pancreatic lipases into the tissue, leading to breakdown of fatty acids and formation of lipid vacuoles.
- Fatty necrosis can occur in organs such as the pancreas.
Liquefactive Necrosis
- Liquefactive necrosis occurs when there is a dissolution of tissue, leading to a soft, liquefied consistency.
- Liquefactive necrosis can occur in organs such as the brain.
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Description
This quiz covers the effects of infectious pathogens on cells, including the production of toxins and cell injury. Understand how these pathogens interact with cells and cause harm.
