Podcast
Questions and Answers
Pathogenic intestinal Protozoa include Entamoeba histolytica and Blantidium __________
Pathogenic intestinal Protozoa include Entamoeba histolytica and Blantidium __________
coli
Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms, free-living or __________ in nature
Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms, free-living or __________ in nature
parasitic
Classification based on movement includes Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Mastigophora, and __________
Classification based on movement includes Sarcodina, Ciliophora, Mastigophora, and __________
Sporozoa
According to the main site of infection, intestinal protozoan examples include ameba, giardia, and __________
According to the main site of infection, intestinal protozoan examples include ameba, giardia, and __________
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Entamoeba histolytica is a common parasite in the large intestine and certain other primates, and some other __________
Entamoeba histolytica is a common parasite in the large intestine and certain other primates, and some other __________
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Ameba species include Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba polecki, and Endolimax __________
Ameba species include Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba hartmanni, Entamoeba coli, Entamoeba polecki, and Endolimax __________
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In the small intestine, the cyst wall is lysed by ______
In the small intestine, the cyst wall is lysed by ______
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Each nucleus divides by binary fission giving rise to ______ nuclei
Each nucleus divides by binary fission giving rise to ______ nuclei
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During growth, E. histolytica secretes a proteolytic enzyme of the nature of ______ which brings about destruction and necrosis of tissue
During growth, E. histolytica secretes a proteolytic enzyme of the nature of ______ which brings about destruction and necrosis of tissue
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At a certain stage, a large number of trophozoites are excreted along with blood and mucus in the stool leading to ______ dysentery
At a certain stage, a large number of trophozoites are excreted along with blood and mucus in the stool leading to ______ dysentery
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Trophozoites invade the mucosa and ultimately lodge in the submucous tissue of the ______ intestine
Trophozoites invade the mucosa and ultimately lodge in the submucous tissue of the ______ intestine
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In a few cases, erosion of the large intestine may be so extensive that trophozoites gain entrance into the radicles of portal vein and are carried away to the liver where they multiply leading to amoebic ______
In a few cases, erosion of the large intestine may be so extensive that trophozoites gain entrance into the radicles of portal vein and are carried away to the liver where they multiply leading to amoebic ______
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E.histolytica derives its name from its ability to lyse virtually every ______ in the human body
E.histolytica derives its name from its ability to lyse virtually every ______ in the human body
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The ameboid trophozoite is the only form that presents in ______ (causing disease)
The ameboid trophozoite is the only form that presents in ______ (causing disease)
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The size of the ameboid trophozoite is 15–30 µm, and its cytoplasm has two zones: a hyaline or clear outer margin ectoplasm and a granular inner region ______
The size of the ameboid trophozoite is 15–30 µm, and its cytoplasm has two zones: a hyaline or clear outer margin ectoplasm and a granular inner region ______
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Trophozoites are motile with active, unidirectional and purposeful ______
Trophozoites are motile with active, unidirectional and purposeful ______
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The presence of ingested erythrocytes is the characteristic feature of ______
The presence of ingested erythrocytes is the characteristic feature of ______
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The cyst of E.histolytica is smaller in size than trophozoite, subspherical, varying from 10–20 μm in ______
The cyst of E.histolytica is smaller in size than trophozoite, subspherical, varying from 10–20 μm in ______
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Balantidium coli is the largest ______
Balantidium coli is the largest ______
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Balantidium coli is transmitted through fecal-oral route by contaminated ______ and water
Balantidium coli is transmitted through fecal-oral route by contaminated ______ and water
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Balantidium coli attacks the intestinal epithelium, creating ulcers and causing bloody diarrhea similar to ______ dysentery
Balantidium coli attacks the intestinal epithelium, creating ulcers and causing bloody diarrhea similar to ______ dysentery
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The greenish-yellow trophozoites of Balantidium coli may measure up to 120 × 150 µm in ______
The greenish-yellow trophozoites of Balantidium coli may measure up to 120 × 150 µm in ______
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Balantidium coli commonly infects primates, rats, and ______, and has a world-wide distribution
Balantidium coli commonly infects primates, rats, and ______, and has a world-wide distribution
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Balantidium coli infection is mostly asymptomatic, but people with other serious illnesses can experience persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes a perforated ______
Balantidium coli infection is mostly asymptomatic, but people with other serious illnesses can experience persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and sometimes a perforated ______
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In less than 15% cases of amoebic hepatitis, cysts of E.histolytica can be demonstrated in the stool. This indicates persistence of intestinal infection. Serological tests are used for __________ diagnosis.
In less than 15% cases of amoebic hepatitis, cysts of E.histolytica can be demonstrated in the stool. This indicates persistence of intestinal infection. Serological tests are used for __________ diagnosis.
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Very effective drug for the therapy of amoebiasis is metronidazole or its analogs tinidazole and /or nidazole. To target trophozoites residing within the gut lumen, a luminal agent like non-absorbed aminoglycoside paromomycin is used along with metronidazole due to its poor efficacy against __________.
Very effective drug for the therapy of amoebiasis is metronidazole or its analogs tinidazole and /or nidazole. To target trophozoites residing within the gut lumen, a luminal agent like non-absorbed aminoglycoside paromomycin is used along with metronidazole due to its poor efficacy against __________.
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Control measures for amoebiasis include improving environmental and food sanitation. Additionally, treatment of carriers is controversial, but it is agreed that they should be barred from __________ handling.
Control measures for amoebiasis include improving environmental and food sanitation. Additionally, treatment of carriers is controversial, but it is agreed that they should be barred from __________ handling.
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No fully satisfactory and safe drug is yet available for chemoprophylaxis against amoebiasis. The mix of drugs required for therapy highlights the challenges in treating this __________.
No fully satisfactory and safe drug is yet available for chemoprophylaxis against amoebiasis. The mix of drugs required for therapy highlights the challenges in treating this __________.
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Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms, free-living or __________ in nature.
Protozoa are microscopic, one-celled organisms, free-living or __________ in nature.
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Study Notes
Classification of Protozoa
- Classified based on mode of movement and main site of infection
- Four types of protozoa based on movement:
- Sarcodina (amoeba, e.g. Entamoeba)
- Ciliophora (ciliates, e.g. Balantidium)
- Mastigophora (flagellates, e.g. Giardia, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma)
- Sporozoa (organisms whose adult stage is not motile, e.g. Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium)
Classification of Protozoa by Site of Infection
- Intestinal protozoa: ameba, giardia, and Balantidium
- Urogenital tract protozoa: Trichomonas vaginalis
- Blood and tissue protozoa: varied group consisting of flagellates (e.g. trypanosoma and leishmania) and sporozoans (e.g. plasmodium and toxoplasma)
Ameba Species
- Entamoeba histolytica: pathogenic
- Entamoeba hartmanni: non-pathogenic
- Entamoeba coli: non-pathogenic
- Entamoeba polecki: non-pathogenic
- Endolimax nana: non-pathogenic or causes asymptomatic infection
Entamoeba Histolytica
- Habitat: large intestine of humans, certain primates, and some other animals
- Infection cycle: cysts in small intestine, excystation, and multiplication in large intestine
- Causes amoebic dysentery and flask-shaped ulcers in the large intestine
- Trophozoites can invade the bloodstream and cause amoebic hepatitis and liver abscess
Morphology of Entamoeba Histolytica
- Two stages: trophozoite and cyst
- Trophozoite: active, motile, and pathogenic, with a size of 15-30 μm
- Cyst: smaller, subspherical, and varying from 10-20 μm in diameter
Balantidium Coli
- Largest protozoan, a ciliate organism, associated with pigs
- Transmitted through fecal-oral route by contaminated food and water
- Causes bloody diarrhea and ulcers in the intestinal epithelium
- Infection is mostly asymptomatic, but can cause persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, and perforated colon in people with other serious illnesses
Diagnosis and Treatment
- Diagnosis involves detection of cysts or vegetative forms in fecal samples
- Serological tests, histology, and molecular methods (DNA probes and PCR) can also be used
- Treatment: metronidazole or its analogs (tinidazole and/or nidazole) are effective against amoebiasis
- Luminal agents (e.g. paromomycin and iodoquinol) are used to eradicate trophozoites residing in the gut lumen
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Description
Learn about pathogenic intestinal protozoa such as Entamoeba histolytica and Blantidium coli, their classification based on mode of movement, and main site of infection. Understand the different types of movement exhibited by amoeba, ciliates, and flagellates.
