Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease 1

<p>To regulate inflammation and immune cell activity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To break down extracellular matrix proteins. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Langerhans' cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regular flossing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gingivitis affects only the gums, while periodontitis affects the supporting bone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saliva plays a significant role in preventing drying of the oral tissues and fighting infection by swallowing bacteria and releasing antimicrobial agents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To develop immunological memory and mount a more targeted and effective response to specific pathogens upon re-exposure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of antibodies to neutralize extracellular pathogens. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Streptococcus mutans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of acids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To attach the tooth to the alveolar bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forms the attachment between the tooth and the gingiva (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary colonisation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a favorable environment for anaerobic bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thin, uniform layer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treponema denticola (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing leukotoxin that kills white blood cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epithelium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To neutralize and remove invading microorganisms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage caused by bacterial toxins or enzymes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dilute and wash out microorganisms from the sulcus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils and macrophages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing proteases that degrade collagen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To degrade connective tissue, contributing to periodontal destruction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromised host defense mechanisms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mere presence and stagnation of plaque, regardless of specific bacterial species, is sufficient to cause inflammation and tissue damage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific Plaque Hypothesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It fails to explain why some individuals with heavy plaque accumulation do not develop periodontal disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The presence of specific bacterial species, known as keystone pathogens, can manipulate the host's immune response, leading to an exaggerated inflammatory response that destroys tissues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They present antigenic parts of pathogens to circulating lymphocytes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Their production is believed to offer protection against infection. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To differentiate into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A shift from T-cell to B-cell lesions is observed in the progression to periodontitis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They stimulate B-cell differentiation into plasma cells and activate macrophages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytokines play a critical role in both the inflammatory and immune responses, and can contribute to tissue damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating the inflammatory response, immune response, and tissue damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A type of epithelium that forms a protective barrier at the gum line.

Cells of the junctional epithelium that secrete cytokines during inflammation.

Tissue macrophages that release host defenses in gingival tissues.

Prevents drying of oral tissues and has antimicrobial effects.

Specific immune response activated when innate immunity fails.

Bacteria that produce proteases and can induce apoptosis.

A motile bacteria that can invade tissue and disrupt cytokines.

Bacteria with leukotoxin that kills white blood cells and invades epithelial cells.

The first immune response activated by plaque in the oral cavity.

Fluid component formed during inflammation, diluting microorganisms.

First line of defense involving PMNs like neutrophils and macrophages.

Physical barrier against plaque microorganisms formed by tightly attached cells.

Involves saliva, epithelium, and inflammatory mediators to combat infection.

The component of dental plaque containing organic and inorganic substances, forming a biofilm.

Four sequential stages: initial attachment, colonization, secondary colonization, and mature biofilm.

The gingival tissue covering the free and attached gingivae.

The epithelium lining the sulcus of the gums.

Bacteria that thrive in low oxygen environments found below the gum line.

Pathogenic bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis and others linked to gum disease.

Characteristics allowing P. gingivalis to invade and damage tissues, like its carbohydrate capsule and gingipains.

Small proteins that regulate immune responses and inflammation.

Cytokines like IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α that promote inflammation.

Cytokines like IL-4 and IL-10 that help reduce inflammation.

Signaling molecules involved in the inflammatory process; e.g., PGE₂.

Enzymes that degrade connective tissue, contributing to inflammation.

Conditions like increased plaque, harmful microorganisms, and weak host defenses that initiate periodontitis.

Theory suggesting plaque accumulation leads to inflammation causing periodontal destruction.

Theory stating only specific pathogens in plaque cause periodontal disease.

A microbial infection causing inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissues.

An organized community of microorganisms in a slime layer on oral surfaces.

Essential in the development of periodontal disease due to microbial communities.

The supporting structures of the teeth, including gums, ligaments, and bone.

Certain bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis are linked to periodontal disease.

Traits of bacteria that enable them to cause disease in the host.

Innate and acquired immune responses protecting the oral cavity from pathogens.

Molecules involved in mediating inflammatory responses in periodontal disease.

Present antigenic parts from pathogens to lymphocytes, stimulating clonal expansion.

Differentiate into plasma cells that release antibodies against specific antigens.

Types of antibodies thought to provide protective effects in the immune response.

Recognize specific antigens without using antibodies in cell-mediated responses.

The process by which lymphocytes proliferate after recognizing specific antigens.