Pathogenesis of periodontal disease workbook
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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of saliva in relation to oral health?

  • Aids in digestion of carbohydrates
  • Enhances taste perception
  • Increases the pH of the mouth
  • Prevents drying of oral tissues (correct)
  • Which components in saliva specifically target gram-positive bacteria?

  • Salivary amylase and lipase
  • Peroxidase, lysosome, and lactoferrin (correct)
  • Antibodies and cytokines
  • Immunoglobulin A
  • What defines the adaptive immune response?

  • It's the first line of defense against infections.
  • It is highly specific to a particular pathogen. (correct)
  • It is nonspecific and reacts to all types of infections.
  • It provides immediate protection against all pathogens.
  • Which of the following best describes humoral immunity?

    <p>It produces antibodies against extracellular agents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does immunological memory play in the adaptive immune response?

    <p>It allows for immediate response to previously encountered pathogens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epithelial cells in the oral cavity?

    <p>They create a barrier against plaque microorganisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the junctional epithelium during inflammation?

    <p>It transforms into pocket-lining epithelium with micro ulcerations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells in the junctional epithelium are involved in the inflammatory response?

    <p>Cytokine-secreting cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the pocket-lining epithelium compared to the junctional epithelium?

    <p>It contains micro ulcerations and is prone to leaking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of saliva in the oral cavity?

    <p>It acts as a lubricant and helps in digestion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What change occurs to the junctional epithelium during the initiation of an inflammatory response?

    <p>It may develop structural vulnerabilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cells are likely to be responsible for macrophage functions in the gingival tissues?

    <p>Tissue macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of the protective function of epithelium being compromised?

    <p>Higher likelihood of bacterial infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of periodontitis?

    <p>It involves microbial infection triggering host-mediated inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes plaque biofilm?

    <p>An organized community of microorganisms in a glycocalyx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the extracellular matrix in dental plaque biofilm?

    <p>Cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do cytokines play in the host response to periodontal disease?

    <p>They mediate the inflammatory response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) primarily responsible for in periodontal disease?

    <p>Degrading collagen and extracellular matrix components.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the role of bacteria in periodontal disease is incorrect?

    <p>All types of bacteria equally contribute to periodontal disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors may contribute to the initiation of periodontitis?

    <p>Genetic predisposition and environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of immune responses in the oral cavity, what is true about innate immunity?

    <p>It is non-specific and responds immediately to infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease

    • Periodontitis is a microbial infection triggering a host-mediated inflammatory response, leading to progressive and irreversible destruction of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone.

    Plaque Biofilm

    • Plaque biofilm is a community of microorganisms embedded in an extracellular glycocalyx (slime layer).
    • It forms on natural and restored solid surfaces in the oral cavity.

    Biofilm Composition

    • Organic components: Polysaccharides, glycoproteins, proteins, and lipids.
    • Inorganic components: Calcium, sodium, phosphorus, and potassium.

    Biofilm Formation Stages

    • 1. Initial attachment of bacteria to pellicle.
    • 2. Initial colonization of the tooth surface.
    • 3. Secondary colonization: extracellular slime layer formation.
    • 4. Mature biofilm (mushroom-shaped colonies).

    Periodontal Tissues

    • The periodontium consists of gingivae, periodontal ligament, cementum, and alveolar bone.
    • Oral epithelium covers the free and attached gingivae.
    • Sulcular epithelium lines the sulcus.
    • Junctional epithelium is at the base of the sulcus.

    Bacteria in Periodontal Disease

    • Subgingival environment supports mainly anaerobic bacteria.
    • Key bacteria species associated with periodontal disease include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum.

    Virulence Factors

    • Bacteria virulence factors enable colonization, invasion, and damage to the periodontium.
    • Examples include carbohydrate capsules, gingipains, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), haemagglutinins, platelet aggregators, fimbrae, tissue invasion, and proteases.

    Host Defenses

    • Innate and acquired immune responses are initiated in response to plaque.
    • Cytokines, prostaglandins, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are important chemical mediators involved in periodontal disease.

    Periodontal Disease Theories

    • Non-specific plaque hypothesis proposes that stagnation of plaque leads to inflammation.
    • Specific plaque hypothesis suggests a shift in microbial composition rather than amount in developing periodontal disease.
    • Keystone pathogen-host response hypothesis emphasizes specific bacterial species triggering an uncontrolled host response.

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