Pathogen Invasion 15.4
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Questions and Answers

Which pathogen produces a capsule as its principal virulence factor?

  • Cryptococcus (correct)
  • Candida albicans
  • Giardia lamblia
  • Aspergillus

    • Which fungus produces ergot toxin, responsible for the disease known as ergotism?

  • Candida albicans
  • Cryptococcus
  • Claviceps purpurea (correct)
  • Aspergillus

    • Which mycotoxin acts as a mutagen and a carcinogen and is produced by Aspergillus?

  • None of the above
  • Aflatoxin (correct)
  • Ergot toxin
  • Gliotoxin

    • Which protozoan pathogen uses a large adhesive disc composed of microtubules to attach to the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>Giardia lamblia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoan pathogen produces an adhesin membrane protein known as PfEMP1, causing blood cells to stick to each other and to the walls of blood vessels?

    <p>Plasmodium falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which helminth depends heavily on proteases that degrade skin proteins to gain entry to host tissues?

    <p>Necator americanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which helminth has a tough outer cuticle for protection?

    <p>Ascaris lumbricoides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which helminth can evade the immune system through surface characteristic variations and glycan gimmickry?

    <p>Trichinella spiralis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which helminth can actively suppress the immune system and release substances that overwhelm or cause an inappropriate response from the immune system?

    <p>Necator americanus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen produces adhesins that bind to the phospholipids of epithelial and endothelial cells?

    <p>Candida albicans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen produces two mycotoxins, aflatoxin and gliotoxin?

    <p>Aspergillus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which protozoan pathogen has the ability to survive inside phagocytic vesicles?

    <p>Trypanosoma brucei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a virulence factor produced by Candida albicans?

    <p>Adhesins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal constituent of Cryptococcus' virulence factor?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Ergotism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gliotoxin in Aspergillus' virulence?

    <p>Inducing host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Giardia lamblia's adhesive disc?

    <p>To promote adherence to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the adhesin membrane protein produced by Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>PfEMP1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used by Trypanosoma brucei to evade recognition by host antibodies?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helminths' proteases?

    <p>To degrade skin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycan gimmickry?

    <p>The ability of helminths to escape detection by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' tough outer cuticle?

    <p>To protect against host immune defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonality between the pathogenic mechanisms of fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>They all have adhesins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antigens in protozoan pathogens' pathogenic mechanisms?

    <p>To evade the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a virulence factor produced by Candida albicans?

    <p>Adhesins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal constituent of Cryptococcus' virulence factor?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Ergotism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of gliotoxin in Aspergillus' virulence?

    <p>Inducing host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Giardia lamblia's adhesive disc?

    <p>To promote adherence to host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the adhesin membrane protein produced by Plasmodium falciparum?

    <p>PfEMP1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism used by Trypanosoma brucei to evade recognition by host antibodies?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of helminths' proteases?

    <p>To degrade skin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is glycan gimmickry?

    <p>The ability of helminths to escape detection by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' tough outer cuticle?

    <p>To protect against host immune defenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the commonality between the pathogenic mechanisms of fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>They all have adhesins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antigens in protozoan pathogens' pathogenic mechanisms?

    <p>To evade the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general similarity between the pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms of fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>They all have similar stages of pathogenesis and virulence mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Candida albicans' proteases and phospholipases in its pathogenicity?

    <p>To assist in spread and tissue invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Cryptococcus' capsule on its virulence?

    <p>It makes cells more resistant to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Aspergillus' gliotoxin on host cells?

    <p>It induces host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Giardia lamblia's attachment to the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>It inhibits nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Plasmodium falciparum's PfEMP1 protein on blood cells?

    <p>It causes blood cells to stick together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Trypanosoma brucei evades phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies?

    <p>It undergoes antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary virulence factor of helminths?

    <p>A tough outer cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do helminths evade the immune system?

    <p>Through surface characteristic variations and glycan gimmickry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of helminths' substances on the immune system?

    <p>They suppress the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Aspergillus' aflatoxin on host cells?

    <p>It induces host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general mechanism of virulence involved in disease production by fungi and parasites?

    <p>Evasion of the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Candida albicans' proteases and phospholipases in disease production?

    <p>To assist in spread and tissue invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cryptococcus' capsule in disease production?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Aspergillus' gliotoxin in disease production?

    <p>To promote virulence by inducing host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Giardia lamblia's adhesive disc in disease production?

    <p>To attach to the intestinal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Plasmodium falciparum's adhesin membrane protein, PfEMP1, in disease production?

    <p>To cause blood cells to stick to each other and to the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Trypanosoma brucei's capsules and antigenic variation in disease production?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' proteases in disease production?

    <p>To degrade skin proteins and gain entry to host tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' tough outer cuticle in disease production?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' ability to actively suppress the immune system in disease production?

    <p>To promote virulence by inducing host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between the pathogenic mechanisms and virulence factors of fungi and parasites compared to bacteria?

    <p>Fungi and parasites are not as well characterized as bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism of fungi and parasites compared to bacteria?

    <p>They are less well characterized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Candida albicans' adhesins?

    <p>To bind to the phospholipids of epithelial and endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Cryptococcus' capsule in its virulence?

    <p>It makes encapsulated cells more resistant to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Ergotism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus?

    <p>Aflatoxin and gliotoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism of protozoan pathogens?

    <p>They have virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms analogous to prokaryotic and viral pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Giardia lamblia's adhesive disc?

    <p>To attach to the intestinal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Plasmodium falciparum's adhesin membrane protein?

    <p>To cause blood cells to stick to each other and to the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Trypanosoma brucei's capsules?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do helminths evade the immune system?

    <p>Through surface characteristic variations and glycan gimmickry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do helminths gain entry to host tissues?

    <p>Through proteases that degrade skin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do helminths suppress the immune system?

    <p>By actively suppressing the immune system and releasing substances that overwhelm or cause an inappropriate response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pathogenic mechanism shared by fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>Stages of pathogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Candida albicans' adhesins?

    <p>To bind to the phospholipids of epithelial and endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cryptococcus' capsule?

    <p>To make encapsulated cells more resistant to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Gangrene or convulsive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Aspergillus' gliotoxin?

    <p>To promote virulence by inducing host cells to self-destruct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Giardia lamblia's adhesive disc?

    <p>To attach to the intestinal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Plasmodium falciparum's PfEMP1?

    <p>To cause blood cells to stick to each other and to the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Trypanosoma brucei's antigenic variation?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' surface characteristic variations and glycan gimmickry?

    <p>To evade detection by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' ability to actively suppress the immune system?

    <p>To overwhelm or cause an inappropriate response from the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common virulence factor produced by protozoan pathogens?

    <p>Adhesin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common virulence factor produced by helminths?

    <p>Protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pathogenic mechanism shared by fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>Ability to survive inside phagocytic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by Giardia lamblia to cause inflammation and shortening of the intestinal villi?

    <p>Use of a large adhesive disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virulence factor produced by Candida albicans that assists in spread and tissue invasion?

    <p>Proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal constituent of Cryptococcus' virulence factor?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus acts as a mutagen and a carcinogen?

    <p>Aflatoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by Plasmodium falciparum to cause organ failure, anemia, and jaundice?

    <p>Production of an adhesin membrane protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by Trypanosoma brucei to evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by helminths to gain entry to host tissues?

    <p>Production of proteases that degrade skin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by helminths to evade detection by the immune system?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by helminths to suppress the immune system?

    <p>Release of substances that overwhelm the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by protozoan pathogens to survive inside phagocytic vesicles?

    <p>Ability to survive inside phagocytic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a pathogenic mechanism shared by fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>Ability to survive inside phagocytic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by Giardia lamblia to cause inflammation and shortening of the intestinal villi?

    <p>Use of a large adhesive disc</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the virulence factor produced by Candida albicans that assists in spread and tissue invasion?

    <p>Proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principal constituent of Cryptococcus' virulence factor?

    <p>Capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disease caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Gangrene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus acts as a mutagen and a carcinogen?

    <p>Aflatoxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by Plasmodium falciparum to cause organ failure, anemia, and jaundice?

    <p>Production of an adhesin membrane protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by Trypanosoma brucei to evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by helminths to gain entry to host tissues?

    <p>Production of proteases that degrade skin proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by helminths to evade detection by the immune system?

    <p>Antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by helminths to suppress the immune system?

    <p>Release of substances that overwhelm the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pathogenic mechanism used by protozoan pathogens to survive inside phagocytic vesicles?

    <p>Ability to survive inside phagocytic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general similarity between the pathogenic mechanisms of fungi, parasites, and bacteria?

    <p>They all have stages of pathogenesis and general mechanisms of virulence involved in disease production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor produced by Candida albicans?

    <p>Capsule that makes encapsulated cells more resistant to phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following diseases can be caused by Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Ergotism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Giardia lamblia's large adhesive disc on the intestinal mucosa?

    <p>It causes inflammation and shortening of the intestinal villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Plasmodium falciparum's adhesin membrane protein, PfEMP1?

    <p>It causes blood cells to stick to each other and to the walls of blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which Trypanosoma brucei evades phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies?

    <p>It undergoes antigenic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' tough outer cuticle?

    <p>To provide protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which helminths evade the immune system?

    <p>Through surface characteristic variations and glycan gimmickry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of Aspergillus' gliotoxin on host cells?

    <p>It promotes virulence by inducing host cells to self-destruct and inhibiting the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which protozoan pathogens survive inside phagocytic vesicles?

    <p>Through the ability to inhibit the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor produced by Cryptococcus?

    <p>Ergot toxin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a pathogenic mechanism used by protozoan pathogens?

    <p>Production of capsules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general similarity between the pathogenic mechanisms of fungi, protozoa, and bacteria?

    <p>They all have the ability to survive inside phagocytic vesicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a virulence factor produced by Candida albicans?

    <p>Capsule to resist phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Giardia lamblia's adhesive disc?

    <p>To inhibit nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Plasmodium falciparum's adhesin membrane protein, PfEMP1?

    <p>Organ failure, anemia, and jaundice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Trypanosoma brucei's antigenic variation?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' tough outer cuticle?

    <p>To protect against phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Aspergillus' gliotoxin?

    <p>Inducing host cells to self-destruct and inhibiting the immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cryptococcus' capsule?

    <p>To resist phagocytosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Claviceps purpurea's ergot toxin?

    <p>Gangrene or convulsive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of protozoan pathogens' antigenic variation?

    <p>To evade phagocytosis and recognition by host antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of helminths' surface characteristic variations and glycan gimmickry?

    <p>To escape detection by the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Aspergillus' aflatoxin?

    <p>Acts as a mutagen and a carcinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

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