Lower Limb Injuries

The primary stability features of the hip femoroacetabular joint (FAJ) include bone congruence, acetabulum in a strong pelvic ring, labrum (deepens socket), strong capsule reinforced by ligaments, vacuum effect, short stabilizers posteriorly, and iliopsoas anteriorly.

The primary mobility features of the hip femoroacetabular joint (FAJ) include ball and socket bone structure, 3 degrees of freedom, capsule, large prime movers, and trunk control to optimize acetabulum orientation.

The clinical stability of the hip joint is primarily achieved via active structures at the joint; therefore, treatment for any joint injury must address the active stabilizers and optimize load through the joint.

<p>Potential bone and joint pathologies at the femoroacetabular joint (FAJ) include femoral neck fractures, FAI impingement (CAM lesion and Pincer), Perthes disease, and symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The symptom criteria for diagnosing symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include symptoms of hip/groin pain, physical impairment including positive impingement tests, and positive imaging findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical tests used for assessing symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include the hip quadrant test, passive range of motion (PROM) of hip internal rotation at 90 degrees (looking for pain), and the FABER test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The physical impairments associated with symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include reduced muscle strength (especially in abductors), reduced dynamic single-leg stance control, and reduced side bridge performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The management options for symptomatic femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) include conservative treatment (moderate evidence), surgery (evidence is mixed), and the choice ultimately depends on the patient's preference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise therapy, combined interventions with foot orthoses, patellar taping, or manual therapy, and combining hip and knee exercises are recommended to reduce pain in PFPS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain and tenderness at the inferior pole of the patella, with no joint swelling but thickening of the tendon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unloading and rest for the reactive stage and progressive loading rehabilitation for the degenerative stage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Isometric exercises have been found to reduce tendon pain immediately and increase maximum voluntary isometric contraction for people with patellar tendinopathy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tendon pain, impaired performance, swelling of the tendon, and intratendinous changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise therapy has a strong pain-reducing effect and decreases activity limitations in people with PFPS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, patellofemoral, knee, and lumbar mobilizations are not recommended in isolation for PFPS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The treatment plan includes stages for pain relief, isometric exercises, isotonic strength endurance, energy storage exercises, energy storage and release exercises, and return to play.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No, no strong evidence supports one type of exercise over another for PFPS, comparing open chain quads, closed chain quads, and hip strengthening.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Foot orthoses are recommended to reduce pain in the short term for PFPS.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combining hip and knee exercises is recommended to reduce PFPS and improve function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exercise therapy is recommended to reduce pain in the short, medium, and long terms and improves function in the medium and long term.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary role of the patella is to increase the lever arm of the quads, allowing flexion and extension to occur with less quads force.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typical symptoms of PFPS include anterior knee ache, exacerbated with loading, prolonged sitting, crepitus, giving way, swelling, and locking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patella's anatomy, function, and pathology are crucial factors in developing PFPS, as unusual patella shapes are more likely to develop the syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patella tracking within the trochlea groove and the movement of the femur underneath the patella significantly influence PFJ stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common lower limb alignment with PFPS includes femur and tibia internal rotation, knee valgus, and ankle pronation, emphasized with squat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Evidence suggests that hip muscle weakness may result from PFPS rather than cause it, and reduced hamstring length increases PFJ stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychosocial features of PFPS, including anxiety, depression, fear of movement, and reduced quality of life, are associated with the condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>General principles of PFPS management include education, active rehabilitation, passive interventions, and assessment and treatment of altered pain processing and psychosocial features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessment for PFPS involves subjective and objective measures, including location, onset, type, aggravating factors of pain, observation of dynamic activities, and altered pain processing signs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lateral patella translation is the most common tracking in those with PFPS, due to passive and active structures such as ligaments and muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PFJ contact forces increase with knee flexion, and PFJ reaction forces measure the compression of the patella against the femur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PFPS, or patellofemoral pain syndrome, is the most common condition presenting to sports medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers