Parts of Speech in English Language

Nouns:
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g., John, London, Google)
- Common nouns: general terms for people, places, or things (e.g., dog, city, company)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g., family, team, flock)
- Abstract nouns: ideas or concepts (e.g., happiness, freedom, love)
Pronouns:
- Personal pronouns: replace nouns and refer to individuals or groups (e.g., I, you, he, she, it, we, they)
- Possessive pronouns: show ownership or relationship (e.g., my, your, his, her, its, our, their)
- Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject (e.g., myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, themselves)
Verbs:
- Action verbs: express physical or mental action (e.g., run, think, eat)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g., be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs: used with main verbs to form verb phrases (e.g., will, would, shall)
Adjectives:
- Describe nouns or pronouns (e.g., happy, tall, blue)
- Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g., five, sixth, every)
Adverbs:
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g., quickly, very, well)
- Show manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
Prepositions:
- Show relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words (e.g., in, on, at, with)
Conjunctions:
- Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g., and, but, or, so)
Interjections:
- Express emotion or feeling (e.g., oh, wow, ouch)

Independent clauses: complete thoughts with a subject and verb
Dependent clauses: incomplete thoughts that rely on an independent clause
Clauses vs. phrases: clauses have a subject and verb, while phrases do not
Simple sentences: one independent clause
Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions
Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences: multiple independent clauses and dependent clauses

Present tense: current action (e.g., I go, she eats, they write)
Past tense: completed action (e.g., I went, she ate, they wrote)
Future tense: future action (e.g., I will go, she will eat, they will write)
Present perfect tense: action started in the past and continues up to the present (e.g., I have gone, she has eaten, they have written)
Past perfect tense: action completed before another action in the past (e.g., I had gone, she had eaten, they had written)
Future perfect tense: action will be completed at a specific point in the future (e.g., I will have gone, she will have eaten, they will have written)

Subject-verb agreement: singular subjects take singular verbs, plural subjects take plural verbs
Tense consistency: maintain the same verb tense throughout a sentence or paragraph
Modality: use modal verbs (e.g., can, should, must) to express degrees of possibility or obligation
Active and passive voice: active voice emphasizes the doer, while passive voice emphasizes the action's recipient

Nouns can be proper (specific people, places, or things), common (general terms), collective (groups), or abstract (ideas or concepts)
Pronouns can be personal (replace nouns), possessive (show ownership), or reflexive (refer back to the subject)
Verbs can be action verbs (express physical or mental action), linking verbs (connect subject to additional information), or helping verbs (used with main verbs to form verb phrases)
Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns and can be quantitative (describe quantity)
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and show manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
Interjections express emotion or feeling

Independent clauses are complete thoughts with a subject and verb
Dependent clauses are incomplete thoughts that rely on an independent clause
Clauses have a subject and verb, while phrases do not
Sentences can be simple (one independent clause), compound (two or more independent clauses), complex (one independent and one or more dependent clauses), or compound-complex (multiple independent and dependent clauses)

Present tense describes current action
Past tense describes completed action
Future tense describes future action
Present perfect tense describes action started in the past and continuing up to the present
Past perfect tense describes action completed before another action in the past
Future perfect tense describes action that will be completed at a specific point in the future

Subject-verb agreement states that singular subjects take singular verbs, and plural subjects take plural verbs
Tense consistency requires maintaining the same verb tense throughout a sentence or paragraph
Modality involves using modal verbs (e.g., can, should, must) to express degrees of possibility or obligation
Active and passive voice differ in emphasizing the doer (active) or the action's recipient (passive)