Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Nouns:
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London)
- Common nouns: general categories of things (e.g. dog, city)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, flock)
- Abstract nouns: ideas or concepts (e.g. happiness, freedom)
Pronouns:
- Personal pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence (e.g. I, you, he)
- Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession (e.g. mine, yours)
- Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, herself)
- Demonstrative pronouns: point out specific people or things (e.g. this, that)
Verbs:
- Action verbs: express action or activity (e.g. run, jump)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
- Helping verbs: used to form verb phrases (e.g. will, would)
- Transitive verbs: take an object (e.g. write, eat)
- Intransitive verbs: do not take an object (e.g. sleep, laugh)
Adjectives:
- Modify nouns or pronouns (e.g. big, happy)
- Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. five, many)
- Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. blue, loud)
Adverbs:
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very)
- Show manner, time, place, frequency, or degree

Basic Sentence Structure:
- Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)
- Simple sentences: one independent clause
- Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
- Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Clause Types:
- Independent clause: complete thought with a subject and verb
- Dependent clause: incomplete thought with a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone
Sentence Types:
- Declarative sentences: state a fact or opinion
- Interrogative sentences: ask a question
- Imperative sentences: give a command or make a request
- Exclamatory sentences: express strong emotions

Present Tense:
- Simple present: general truths, habits, or routines (e.g. I go to school)
- Present continuous: actions happening now (e.g. I am studying)
- Present perfect: actions started in the past and continue up to the present (e.g. I have studied)
Past Tense:
- Simple past: completed actions in the past (e.g. I went to school)
- Past continuous: actions happening at a specific time in the past (e.g. I was studying)
- Past perfect: actions completed before another action in the past (e.g. I had studied)
Future Tense:
- Simple future: actions that will happen in the future (e.g. I will go to school)
- Future continuous: actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future (e.g. I will be studying)
- Future perfect: actions that will be completed before another action in the future (e.g. I will have studied)

Nouns can be classified into:
- Proper nouns (names of specific people, places, or things)
- Common nouns (general categories of things)
- Collective nouns (groups of people, animals, or things)
- Abstract nouns (ideas or concepts)
Pronouns can be classified into:
- Personal pronouns (replace nouns in a sentence)
- Possessive pronouns (show ownership or possession)
- Reflexive pronouns (refer back to the subject of the sentence)
- Demonstrative pronouns (point out specific people or things)
Verbs can be classified into:
- Action verbs (express action or activity)
- Linking verbs (connect the subject to additional information)
- Helping verbs (used to form verb phrases)
- Transitive verbs (take an object)
- Intransitive verbs (do not take an object)
Adjectives modify nouns or pronouns and can be:
- Quantitative (describe quantity)
- Qualitative (describe quality)
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and show:
- Manner
- Time
- Place
- Frequency
- Degree

Basic sentence structure consists of:
- Subject + Verb + Object (SVO)
Sentences can be classified into:
- Simple sentences (one independent clause)
- Compound sentences (two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction)
- Complex sentences (one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses)
Clauses can be classified into:
- Independent clause (complete thought with a subject and verb)
- Dependent clause (incomplete thought with a subject and verb, but cannot stand alone)
Sentences can also be classified into:
- Declarative sentences (state a fact or opinion)
- Interrogative sentences (ask a question)
- Imperative sentences (give a command or make a request)
- Exclamatory sentences (express strong emotions)

Present Tense:
- Simple present (general truths, habits, or routines)
- Present continuous (actions happening now)
- Present perfect (actions started in the past and continue up to the present)
Past Tense:
- Simple past (completed actions in the past)
- Past continuous (actions happening at a specific time in the past)
- Past perfect (actions completed before another action in the past)
Future Tense:
- Simple future (actions that will happen in the future)
- Future continuous (actions that will be happening at a specific time in the future)
- Future perfect (actions that will be completed before another action in the future)