Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper Nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
  • Common Nouns: General terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
  • Collective Nouns: Groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, herd, team)
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal Pronouns: Refer to the speaker or addressee (e.g. I, you, he)
  • Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership or relationship (e.g. my, your, his)
  • Reflexive Pronouns: Refer back to the subject (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)
• Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
  • Action Verbs: Describe an action (e.g. run, jump, read)
  • Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping Verbs: Used to help form the tense of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
• Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative Adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, sixth, every)
  • Qualitative Adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
• Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner Adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
  • Time Adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
  • Place Adverbs: Describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)

Sentence Structure

• Independent Clauses: Complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
• Dependent Clauses: Incomplete sentences that rely on an independent clause
• Simple Sentences: One independent clause
• Compound Sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex Sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-Complex Sentences: Multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Tenses

• Present Tense: Describes an action that is happening now
• Past Tense: Describes an action that happened in the past
• Future Tense: Describes an action that will happen in the future
• Conditional Tense: Describes an uncertain or hypothetical situation
• Perfect Tense: Describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
• Progressive Tense: Describes an action that is ongoing at a specific point in time

Modality

• Modal Verbs: Express degrees of possibility, necessity, or obligation
  • Can: Ability or possibility
  • Could: Past ability or possibility
  • May: Permission or possibility
  • Might: Possibility or uncertainty
  • Shall: Future obligation or necessity
  • Should: Advice or recommendation
  • Will: Future intention or prediction
  • Would: Past habit or hypothetical situation

Parts of Speech

• Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas

• Proper Nouns are names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)

• Common Nouns are general terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)

• Collective Nouns are groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, herd, team)

• Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence

• Personal Pronouns refer to the speaker or addressee (e.g. I, you, he)

• Possessive Pronouns show ownership or relationship (e.g. my, your, his)

• Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)

• Verbs express action or a state of being

• Action Verbs describe an action (e.g. run, jump, read)

• Linking Verbs connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)

• Helping Verbs are used to help form the tense of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)

• Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns

• Quantitative Adjectives describe quantity (e.g. five, sixth, every)

• Qualitative Adjectives describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)

• Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs

• Manner Adverbs describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)

• Time Adverbs describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)

• Place Adverbs describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)

Sentence Structure

• Independent Clauses are complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
• Dependent Clauses are incomplete sentences that rely on an independent clause
• Simple Sentences have one independent clause
• Compound Sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex Sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-Complex Sentences have multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Tenses

• Present Tense describes an action that is happening now
• Past Tense describes an action that happened in the past
• Future Tense describes an action that will happen in the future
• Conditional Tense describes an uncertain or hypothetical situation
• Perfect Tense describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
• Progressive Tense describes an action that is ongoing at a specific point in time

Modality

• Modal Verbs express degrees of possibility, necessity, or obligation
• Can expresses ability or possibility
• Could expresses past ability or possibility
• May expresses permission or possibility
• Might expresses possibility or uncertainty
• Shall expresses future obligation or necessity
• Should expresses advice or recommendation
• Will expresses future intention or prediction
• Would expresses past habit or hypothetical situation