Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper Nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
- Common Nouns: General terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
- Collective Nouns: Groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, herd, team)
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal Pronouns: Refer to the speaker or addressee (e.g. I, you, he)
- Possessive Pronouns: Show ownership or relationship (e.g. my, your, his)
- Reflexive Pronouns: Refer back to the subject (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)
Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
- Action Verbs: Describe an action (e.g. run, jump, read)
- Linking Verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping Verbs: Used to help form the tense of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative Adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, sixth, every)
- Qualitative Adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner Adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
- Time Adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
- Place Adverbs: Describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)

Independent Clauses: Complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
Dependent Clauses: Incomplete sentences that rely on an independent clause
Simple Sentences: One independent clause
Compound Sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex Sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-Complex Sentences: Multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Present Tense: Describes an action that is happening now
Past Tense: Describes an action that happened in the past
Future Tense: Describes an action that will happen in the future
Conditional Tense: Describes an uncertain or hypothetical situation
Perfect Tense: Describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
Progressive Tense: Describes an action that is ongoing at a specific point in time

Modal Verbs: Express degrees of possibility, necessity, or obligation
- Can: Ability or possibility
- Could: Past ability or possibility
- May: Permission or possibility
- Might: Possibility or uncertainty
- Shall: Future obligation or necessity
- Should: Advice or recommendation
- Will: Future intention or prediction
- Would: Past habit or hypothetical situation

Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas
Proper Nouns are names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
Common Nouns are general terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
Collective Nouns are groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, herd, team)
Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
Personal Pronouns refer to the speaker or addressee (e.g. I, you, he)
Possessive Pronouns show ownership or relationship (e.g. my, your, his)
Reflexive Pronouns refer back to the subject (e.g. myself, yourself, himself)
Verbs express action or a state of being
Action Verbs describe an action (e.g. run, jump, read)
Linking Verbs connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
Helping Verbs are used to help form the tense of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns
Quantitative Adjectives describe quantity (e.g. five, sixth, every)
Qualitative Adjectives describe quality (e.g. happy, tall, blue)
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
Manner Adverbs describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
Time Adverbs describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
Place Adverbs describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)

Independent Clauses are complete sentences with a subject and a predicate
Dependent Clauses are incomplete sentences that rely on an independent clause
Simple Sentences have one independent clause
Compound Sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex Sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-Complex Sentences have multiple independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Present Tense describes an action that is happening now
Past Tense describes an action that happened in the past
Future Tense describes an action that will happen in the future
Conditional Tense describes an uncertain or hypothetical situation
Perfect Tense describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
Progressive Tense describes an action that is ongoing at a specific point in time