Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
- Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city)
Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
- Action verbs: Describe an action (e.g. run, jump)
- Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, ten)
- Qualitative adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
- Time adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: Replace nouns referring to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he)
- Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his)
Prepositions: Words that show relationships between words or phrases
- Words of location (e.g. in, on, at)
- Words of direction (e.g. to, from, up)
Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words or phrases of equal importance (e.g. and, but)
- Subordinating conjunctions: Connect clauses of unequal importance (e.g. because, although)

Simple sentences: One independent clause
Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Present tense: Action happening now
- Simple present: Base form of the verb (e.g. I go)
- Present continuous: Verb + -ing (e.g. I am going)
- Present perfect: Has/have + past participle (e.g. I have gone)
Past tense: Action completed in the past
- Simple past: Base form of the verb + -ed (e.g. I went)
- Past continuous: Was/were + verb + -ing (e.g. I was going)
- Past perfect: Had + past participle (e.g. I had gone)
Future tense: Action happening in the future
- Simple future: Will + base form of the verb (e.g. I will go)
- Future continuous: Will be + verb + -ing (e.g. I will be going)
- Future perfect: Will have + past participle (e.g. I will have gone)

Independent clause: A complete sentence with a subject and predicate
Dependent clause: A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Phrase: A group of words without a subject or predicate
- Noun phrase: A phrase with a noun as its main word (e.g. the big red car)
- Verb phrase: A phrase with a verb as its main word (e.g. is running)

Nouns represent people, places, things, and ideas
Proper nouns are specific names (e.g. John, London)
Common nouns are general terms (e.g. dog, city)
Verbs express action or a state of being
Action verbs describe an action (e.g. run, jump)
Linking verbs connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns
Quantitative adjectives describe quantity (e.g. five, ten)
Qualitative adjectives describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
Manner adverbs describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
Time adverbs describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
Personal pronouns replace nouns referring to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he)
Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his)
Prepositions show relationships between words or phrases
Words of location (e.g. in, on, at) describe place
Words of direction (e.g. to, from, up) describe movement
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
Coordinating conjunctions connect words or phrases of equal importance (e.g. and, but)
Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal importance (e.g. because, although)

Simple sentences have one independent clause
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses