Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: Words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
  • Proper nouns: Names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London)
  • Common nouns: General terms for people, places, and things (e.g. dog, city)
• Verbs: Words that express action or a state of being
  • Action verbs: Describe an action (e.g. run, jump)
  • Linking verbs: Connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
• Adjectives: Words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
  • Quantitative adjectives: Describe quantity (e.g. five, ten)
  • Qualitative adjectives: Describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
• Adverbs: Words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
  • Manner adverbs: Describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
  • Time adverbs: Describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
• Pronouns: Words that replace nouns in a sentence
  • Personal pronouns: Replace nouns referring to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he)
  • Possessive pronouns: Show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his)
• Prepositions: Words that show relationships between words or phrases
  • Words of location (e.g. in, on, at)
  • Words of direction (e.g. to, from, up)
• Conjunctions: Words that connect words, phrases, or clauses
  • Coordinating conjunctions: Connect words or phrases of equal importance (e.g. and, but)
  • Subordinating conjunctions: Connect clauses of unequal importance (e.g. because, although)

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences: One independent clause
• Compound sentences: Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex sentences: One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentences: Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Verb Tenses

• Present tense: Action happening now
  • Simple present: Base form of the verb (e.g. I go)
  • Present continuous: Verb + -ing (e.g. I am going)
  • Present perfect: Has/have + past participle (e.g. I have gone)
• Past tense: Action completed in the past
  • Simple past: Base form of the verb + -ed (e.g. I went)
  • Past continuous: Was/were + verb + -ing (e.g. I was going)
  • Past perfect: Had + past participle (e.g. I had gone)
• Future tense: Action happening in the future
  • Simple future: Will + base form of the verb (e.g. I will go)
  • Future continuous: Will be + verb + -ing (e.g. I will be going)
  • Future perfect: Will have + past participle (e.g. I will have gone)

Clauses and Phrases

• Independent clause: A complete sentence with a subject and predicate
• Dependent clause: A clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrase: A group of words without a subject or predicate
  • Noun phrase: A phrase with a noun as its main word (e.g. the big red car)
  • Verb phrase: A phrase with a verb as its main word (e.g. is running)

Parts of Speech

• Nouns represent people, places, things, and ideas
• Proper nouns are specific names (e.g. John, London)
• Common nouns are general terms (e.g. dog, city)
• Verbs express action or a state of being
• Action verbs describe an action (e.g. run, jump)
• Linking verbs connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
• Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns
• Quantitative adjectives describe quantity (e.g. five, ten)
• Qualitative adjectives describe quality (e.g. happy, tall)
• Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
• Manner adverbs describe how something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly)
• Time adverbs describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon)
• Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
• Personal pronouns replace nouns referring to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he)
• Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his)
• Prepositions show relationships between words or phrases
• Words of location (e.g. in, on, at) describe place
• Words of direction (e.g. to, from, up) describe movement
• Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses
• Coordinating conjunctions connect words or phrases of equal importance (e.g. and, but)
• Subordinating conjunctions connect clauses of unequal importance (e.g. because, although)

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences have one independent clause
• Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentences have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Verb Tenses

• Present tense describes action happening now
• Simple present uses the base form of the verb (e.g. I go)
• Present continuous uses verb + -ing (e.g. I am going)
• Present perfect uses has/have + past participle (e.g. I have gone)
• Past tense describes action completed in the past
• Simple past uses the base form of the verb + -ed (e.g. I went)
• Past continuous uses was/were + verb + -ing (e.g. I was going)
• Past perfect uses had + past participle (e.g. I had gone)
• Future tense describes action happening in the future
• Simple future uses will + base form of the verb (e.g. I will go)
• Future continuous uses will be + verb + -ing (e.g. I will be going)
• Future perfect uses will have + past participle (e.g. I will have gone)

Clauses and Phrases

• Independent clauses are complete sentences with a subject and predicate
• Dependent clauses cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrases are groups of words without a subject or predicate
• Noun phrases have a noun as their main word (e.g. the big red car)
• Verb phrases have a verb as their main word (e.g. is running)