Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Nouns:
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London, Amazon)
- Common nouns: general terms for things (e.g. dog, city, company)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, flock, team)
- Abstract nouns: ideas or concepts (e.g. happiness, freedom, love)
Verbs:
- Action verbs: express action or a state of being (e.g. run, eat, be)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives:
- Modify nouns or pronouns (e.g. big, happy, blue)
- Quantitative adjectives: express quantity (e.g. five, tenth, all)
- Qualitative adjectives: express quality (e.g. good, nice, beautiful)
Adverbs:
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very, well)
- Express manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
Pronouns:
- Replace nouns in a sentence (e.g. he, she, it, they)
- Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he)
- Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his)
Prepositions:
- Show relationships between words or phrases (e.g. in, on, at, with)
Conjunctions:
- Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g. and, but, or, so)
Interjections:
- Express emotion or feeling (e.g. oh, wow, ouch, ah)

Clauses:
- Independent clause: complete thought with a subject and verb (e.g. I went to the store)
- Dependent clause: incomplete thought that relies on an independent clause (e.g. because I needed milk)
Phrases:
- Groups of words that function as a single unit (e.g. in the morning, with my friends)
Sentence types:
- Declarative sentence: states a fact or opinion (e.g. The sun rises in the east)
- Interrogative sentence: asks a question (e.g. What is your name?)
- Imperative sentence: gives a command or instruction (e.g. Close the door)
- Exclamatory sentence: expresses strong emotion or feeling (e.g. What a beautiful day!)

Present tense:
- Expresses an action that is happening now (e.g. I am writing, she is studying)
Past tense:
- Expresses an action that happened in the past (e.g. I wrote, she studied)
Future tense:
- Expresses an action that will happen in the future (e.g. I will write, she will study)
Perfect tenses:
- Present perfect: expresses an action that started in the past and continues up to the present (e.g. I have written, she has studied)
- Past perfect: expresses an action that happened before another action in the past (e.g. I had written, she had studied)
- Future perfect: expresses an action that will be completed at a specific point in the future (e.g. I will have written, she will have studied)

Modal verbs:
- Express degrees of possibility, obligation, or permission (e.g. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would)
Modal auxiliary verbs:
- Used to express modality in combination with other verbs (e.g. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would)
Conditional sentences:
- Express hypothetical or uncertain situations and their consequences (e.g. If I won the lottery, I would buy a house)

Active voice:
- The subject performs the action (e.g. The dog bites the man)
Passive voice:
- The subject receives the action (e.g. The man was bitten by the dog)
Conversion to passive voice:
- Switch the subject and object, and use a form of "to be" (e.g. The ball is thrown by John)

Nouns: classify into proper (specific names), common (general terms), collective (groups), and abstract (ideas/concepts)
Verbs: classify into action (express action), linking (connect subject to additional info), and helping (assist in forming tense/mood/voice)
Adjectives: modify nouns/pronouns, classify into quantitative (express quantity) and qualitative (express quality)
Adverbs: modify verbs/adjectives/other adverbs, express manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
Pronouns: replace nouns, classify into personal (replace people/animals) and possessive (show ownership)
Prepositions: show relationships between words/phrases
Conjunctions: connect words/phrases/clauses
Interjections: express emotion or feeling

Clauses: independent (complete thought with subject and verb) and dependent (incomplete thought relying on independent clause)
Phrases: groups of words functioning as a single unit
Sentence types: declarative (states fact/opinion), interrogative (asks question), imperative (gives command), and exclamatory (expresses strong emotion)

Present tense: expresses action happening now
Past tense: expresses action that happened in the past
Future tense: expresses action that will happen in the future
Perfect tenses: express action that started in the past and continues up to the present, or will be completed at a specific point in the future

Modal verbs: express degrees of possibility, obligation, or permission
Modal auxiliary verbs: used to express modality in combination with other verbs
Conditional sentences: express hypothetical or uncertain situations and their consequences

Active voice: subject performs the action
Passive voice: subject receives the action
Conversion to passive voice: switch subject and object, and use a form of "to be"