Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Nouns:
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London)
- Common nouns: general terms for things (e.g. dog, city)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things (e.g. family, team)
- Abstract nouns: ideas or feelings (e.g. happiness, freedom)
Verbs:
- Action verbs: express actions or events (e.g. run, eat)
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem)
- Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would)
Adjectives:
- Modify nouns or pronouns (e.g. happy, big)
- Can be used to describe quantity, quality, or degree
Adverbs:
- Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very)
- Can be used to describe manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
Pronouns:
- Replace nouns in a sentence (e.g. he, she, it)
- Can be used as subjects, objects, or complements
Prepositions:
- Show relationships between words or phrases (e.g. in, on, at)
- Can indicate location, direction, time, or manner
Conjunctions:
- Connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g. and, but, or)
- Can be used to join equal or unequal clauses
Interjections:
- Express emotion or feeling (e.g. oh, wow, ouch)

Simple sentences:
- One independent clause (e.g. I like coffee)
Compound sentences:
- Two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g. I like coffee, and I drink it every morning)
Complex sentences:
- One independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g. I like coffee because it helps me stay awake)
Compound-complex sentences:
- Two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g. I like coffee because it helps me stay awake, and I drink it every morning)

Present tense:
- Describes actions that are happening now (e.g. I am writing)
Past tense:
- Describes actions that happened in the past (e.g. I wrote)
Future tense:
- Describes actions that will happen in the future (e.g. I will write)
Present perfect tense:
- Describes actions that started in the past and continue up to the present (e.g. I have written)
Past perfect tense:
- Describes actions that happened before another action in the past (e.g. I had written)
Future perfect tense:
- Describes actions that will be completed at a specific point in the future (e.g. I will have written)

Independent clauses:
- Can stand alone as a complete sentence (e.g. I like coffee)
Dependent clauses:
- Cannot stand alone as a complete sentence (e.g. because it helps me stay awake)
Relative clauses:
- Begin with a relative pronoun (e.g. who, which, that) and provide additional information about a noun (e.g. The book, which is on the table, is mine)
Phrases:
- Groups of words that function as a single unit (e.g. in the morning, under the bridge)

Modal verbs:
- Express degrees of possibility, necessity, or obligation (e.g. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would)
Modal auxiliaries:
- Used to form the present and past tenses of modal verbs (e.g. can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would)

Active and passive voice:
- Active voice: subject performs the action (e.g. The dog bites the man)
- Passive voice: subject receives the action (e.g. The man is bitten by the dog)
Tense consistency:
- Maintaining the same tense throughout a sentence or paragraph
Subject-verb agreement:
- Ensuring the subject and verb agree in number (singular or plural)

Nouns: can be proper, common, collective, or abstract
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things
- Collective nouns: groups of people, animals, or things
- Abstract nouns: ideas or feelings
Verbs: can be action, linking, or helping verbs
- Action verbs: express actions or events
- Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information
- Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb
Adjectives: modify nouns or pronouns
- Can be used to describe quantity, quality, or degree
Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Can be used to describe manner, time, place, frequency, or degree
Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence
- Can be used as subjects, objects, or complements
Prepositions: show relationships between words or phrases
- Can indicate location, direction, time, or manner
Conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses
- Can be used to join equal or unequal clauses
Interjections: express emotion or feeling

Simple sentences: one independent clause
Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Present tense: describes actions happening now
Past tense: describes actions that happened in the past
Future tense: describes actions that will happen in the future
Present perfect tense: describes actions that started in the past and continue up to the present
Past perfect tense: describes actions that happened before another action in the past
Future perfect tense: describes actions that will be completed at a specific point in the future

Independent clauses: can stand alone as a complete sentence
Dependent clauses: cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Relative clauses: begin with a relative pronoun and provide additional information about a noun
Phrases: groups of words that function as a single unit

Active and passive voice: two ways of expressing the same action
- Active voice: subject performs the action
- Passive voice: subject receives the action
Tense consistency: maintaining the same tense throughout a sentence or paragraph
Subject-verb agreement: ensuring the subject and verb agree in number (singular or plural)