Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Study Notes

Nouns:
- Common nouns (e.g. dog, city)
- Proper nouns (e.g. John, London)
- Collective nouns (e.g. family, team)
- Abstract nouns (e.g. happiness, freedom)
Verbs:
- Action verbs (e.g. run, jump)
- Linking verbs (e.g. be, seem)
- Helping verbs (e.g. will, would)
- Transitive and intransitive verbs
Adjectives:
- Quantitative adjectives (e.g. three, five)
- Qualitative adjectives (e.g. big, happy)
- Demonstrative adjectives (e.g. this, that)
Adverbs:
- Manner adverbs (e.g. quickly, loudly)
- Time adverbs (e.g. yesterday, soon)
- Place adverbs (e.g. here, there)
- Frequency adverbs (e.g. often, rarely)
Pronouns:
- Personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, he)
- Possessive pronouns (e.g. mine, yours)
- Reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself, herself)
- Demonstrative pronouns (e.g. this, that)
Prepositions:
- Showing location (e.g. in, on, at)
- Showing direction (e.g. to, from, up)
- Showing time (e.g. at, by, during)
Conjunctions:
- Coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or)
- Subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, although, if)

Independent clauses:
- Contain a subject and a predicate
- Can stand alone as a complete sentence
Dependent clauses:
- Contain a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand alone
- Introduced by a subordinating conjunction
Types of sentences:
- Declarative sentences (statements)
- Interrogative sentences (questions)
- Imperative sentences (commands)
- Exclamatory sentences (emotions)

Verb tenses:
- Present (e.g. I go, she eats)
- Past (e.g. I went, she ate)
- Future (e.g. I will go, she will eat)
Verb aspects:
- Simple aspect (e.g. I go, I went)
- Progressive aspect (e.g. I am going, I was going)
- Perfect aspect (e.g. I have gone, I had gone)
- Perfect progressive aspect (e.g. I have been going, I had been going)

Modality:
- Expressing degrees of possibility, necessity, and obligation
- Using modal verbs (e.g. can, must, should)
Active and passive voice:
- Active voice (e.g. The dog bites the man)
- Passive voice (e.g. The man is bitten by the dog)

Nouns can be common (e.g. dog, city), proper (e.g. John, London), collective (e.g. family, team), or abstract (e.g. happiness, freedom).
Verbs can be action verbs (e.g. run, jump), linking verbs (e.g. be, seem), helping verbs (e.g. will, would), and can be transitive or intransitive.
Adjectives can be quantitative (e.g. three, five), qualitative (e.g. big, happy), or demonstrative (e.g. this, that).
Adverbs can be manner adverbs (e.g. quickly, loudly), time adverbs (e.g. yesterday, soon), place adverbs (e.g. here, there), or frequency adverbs (e.g. often, rarely).
Pronouns can be personal (e.g. I, you, he), possessive (e.g. mine, yours), reflexive (e.g. myself, herself), or demonstrative (e.g. this, that).
Prepositions can show location (e.g. in, on, at), direction (e.g. to, from, up), or time (e.g. at, by, during).
Conjunctions can be coordinating (e.g. and, but, or) or subordinating (e.g. because, although, if).

Independent clauses contain a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a complete sentence.
Dependent clauses contain a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone and are introduced by a subordinating conjunction.
There are four types of sentences: declarative (statements), interrogative (questions), imperative (commands), and exclamatory (emotions).

Verb tenses include present (e.g. I go, she eats), past (e.g. I went, she ate), and future (e.g. I will go, she will eat).
Verb aspects include simple (e.g. I go, I went), progressive (e.g. I am going, I was going), perfect (e.g. I have gone, I had gone), and perfect progressive (e.g. I have been going, I had been going).

Modality involves expressing degrees of possibility, necessity, and obligation using modal verbs (e.g. can, must, should).
Active voice (e.g. The dog bites the man) and passive voice (e.g. The man is bitten by the dog) are used to change the focus of a sentence.