Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Parts of Speech

Nouns: words that refer to people, places, things, and ideas
- Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, and things (e.g. John, London, Google)
- Common nouns: general terms for people, places, and things (e.g. man, city, company)
- Collective nouns: groups of people, places, and things (e.g. family, team, flock)
Verbs: words that express action or a state of being
- Action verbs: verbs that express physical or mental action (e.g. run, think, read)
- Linking verbs: verbs that connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
- Helping verbs: verbs that are used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives: words that describe or modify nouns or pronouns
- Quantitative adjectives: describe the quantity of something (e.g. five, tenth, all)
- Qualitative adjectives: describe the quality of something (e.g. happy, blue, tall)
Adverbs: words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
- Manner adverbs: describe the way something is done (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely)
- Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
- Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
Pronouns: words that replace nouns in a sentence
- Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or things (e.g. I, you, he, she, it)
- Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession (e.g. mine, yours, his, hers, its)
- Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject of the sentence (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)
Prepositions: words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
- Words that indicate location (e.g. in, on, at, by)
- Words that indicate direction (e.g. to, from, up, down)
- Words that indicate time (e.g. at, on, during)
Conjunctions: words that connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
- Coordinating conjunctions: connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance (e.g. and, but, or, nor)
- Subordinating conjunctions: connect a dependent clause to an independent clause (e.g. because, since, after, although)
Interjections: words that express emotion or feeling
- Words that express strong emotions (e.g. oh, wow, ouch, ah)

Sentence Structure

Simple sentences: have one independent clause
Compound sentences: have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences: have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences: have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Clause Types

Independent clauses: have a subject and a predicate
Dependent clauses: have a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
- Relative clauses: begin with a relative pronoun (e.g. who, which, that)
- Subordinate clauses: begin with a subordinating conjunction (e.g. because, since, after)

Verb Tenses

Present tense: describes an action that is happening now
Past tense: describes an action that happened in the past
Future tense: describes an action that will happen in the future
Present perfect tense: describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
Past perfect tense: describes an action that happened before another action in the past
Future perfect tense: describes an action that will be completed at a specific point in the future

Other Grammar Concepts

Active and passive voice: active voice is when the subject performs the action, while passive voice is when the subject receives the action
Subject-verb agreement: the subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third)
Modality: the attitude or perspective of the speaker towards the action or state described in the sentence
Clause order: the order in which clauses are arranged in a sentence, which can affect the meaning and emphasis of the sentence

Parts of Speech

Nouns refer to people, places, things, and ideas
Types of nouns: proper nouns (e.g. John, London, Google), common nouns (e.g. man, city, company), and collective nouns (e.g. family, team, flock)
Verbs express action or a state of being
Types of verbs: action verbs (e.g. run, think, read), linking verbs (e.g. be, seem, appear), and helping verbs (e.g. will, would, shall)
Adjectives describe or modify nouns or pronouns
Types of adjectives: quantitative adjectives (e.g. five, tenth, all), and qualitative adjectives (e.g. happy, blue, tall)
Adverbs describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs
Types of adverbs: manner adverbs (e.g. quickly, loudly, wisely), time adverbs (e.g. yesterday, soon, already), and place adverbs (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
Pronouns replace nouns in a sentence
Types of pronouns: personal pronouns (e.g. I, you, he, she, it), possessive pronouns (e.g. mine, yours, his, hers, its), and reflexive pronouns (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself)
Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence
Types of prepositions: words that indicate location (e.g. in, on, at, by), direction (e.g. to, from, up, down), and time (e.g. at, on, during)
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses in a sentence
Types of conjunctions: coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, but, or, nor), and subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, since, after, although)
Interjections express emotion or feeling
Examples of interjections: words that express strong emotions (e.g. oh, wow, ouch, ah)

Sentence Structure

Simple sentences have one independent clause
Compound sentences have two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
Complex sentences have one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
Compound-complex sentences have two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Clause Types

Independent clauses have a subject and a predicate
Dependent clauses have a subject and a predicate, but cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
Types of dependent clauses: relative clauses (begin with a relative pronoun, e.g. who, which, that), and subordinate clauses (begin with a subordinating conjunction, e.g. because, since, after)

Verb Tenses

Present tense describes an action that is happening now
Past tense describes an action that happened in the past
Future tense describes an action that will happen in the future
Present perfect tense describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
Past perfect tense describes an action that happened before another action in the past
Future perfect tense describes an action that will be completed at a specific point in the future

Other Grammar Concepts

Active and passive voice: active voice is when the subject performs the action, while passive voice is when the subject receives the action
Subject-verb agreement: the subject and verb must agree in number (singular or plural) and person (first, second, or third)
Modality: the attitude or perspective of the speaker towards the action or state described in the sentence
Clause order: the arrangement of clauses in a sentence