Parts of Speech in English Grammar

Parts of Speech

• Nouns:
  • Proper nouns: names of specific people, places, or things (e.g. John, London, Amazon)
  • Common nouns: general terms for people, places, or things (e.g. dog, city, book)
  • Countable nouns: can be counted (e.g. one dog, two dogs)
  • Uncountable nouns: cannot be counted (e.g. water, air)
• Verbs:
  • Action verbs: express actions or activities (e.g. run, jump, read)
  • Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information (e.g. be, seem, appear)
  • Helping verbs: used to help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb (e.g. will, would, shall)
• Adjectives:
  • Describe nouns or pronouns (e.g. big, happy, blue)
  • Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity (e.g. three, five, many)
  • Qualitative adjectives: describe quality (e.g. good, kind, beautiful)
• Adverbs:
  • Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very, well)
  • Manner adverbs: describe how something is done (e.g. loudly, wisely, slowly)
  • Time adverbs: describe when something is done (e.g. yesterday, soon, already)
  • Place adverbs: describe where something is done (e.g. here, there, everywhere)
• Pronouns:
  • Replace nouns in a sentence (e.g. he, she, it, they)
  • Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or animals (e.g. I, you, he, she)
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession (e.g. my, your, his, her)
  • Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject (e.g. myself, yourself, himself, herself)

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences: one independent clause (e.g. I like coffee.)
• Compound sentences: two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction (e.g. I like coffee, and I also like tea.)
• Complex sentences: one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses (e.g. When I wake up, I like to drink coffee.)
• Compound-complex sentences: two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses (e.g. When I wake up, I like to drink coffee, and I also check my phone.)

Verb Tenses

• Present tense: describes an action that is happening now (e.g. I am studying.)
• Past tense: describes an action that happened in the past (e.g. I studied.)
• Future tense: describes an action that will happen in the future (e.g. I will study.)
• Present perfect tense: describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present (e.g. I have studied.)
• Past perfect tense: describes an action that happened before another action in the past (e.g. I had studied.)
• Future perfect tense: describes an action that will be completed at a specific point in the future (e.g. I will have studied.)

Clause and Phrase

• Independent clause: a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Dependent clause: a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrase: a group of words that functions as a unit in a sentence, but does not contain a subject or a verb

Parts of Speech

• Nouns: classify into proper, common, countable, and uncountable types
  • Proper nouns: name specific people, places, or things
  • Common nouns: general terms for people, places, or things
  • Countable nouns: can be counted
  • Uncountable nouns: cannot be counted
• Verbs: classify into action, linking, and helping verbs
  • Action verbs: express actions or activities
  • Linking verbs: connect the subject to additional information
  • Helping verbs: help form the tense, mood, or voice of another verb
• Adjectives: describe nouns or pronouns and classify into quantitative and qualitative types
  • Quantitative adjectives: describe quantity
  • Qualitative adjectives: describe quality
• Adverbs: modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs and classify into manner, time, and place types
  • Manner adverbs: describe how something is done
  • Time adverbs: describe when something is done
  • Place adverbs: describe where something is done
• Pronouns: replace nouns in a sentence and classify into personal, possessive, and reflexive types
  • Personal pronouns: replace nouns that refer to people or animals
  • Possessive pronouns: show ownership or possession
  • Reflexive pronouns: refer back to the subject

Sentence Structure

• Simple sentences: consist of one independent clause
• Compound sentences: consist of two or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction
• Complex sentences: consist of one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
• Compound-complex sentences: consist of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses

Verb Tenses

• Present tense: describes an action happening now
• Past tense: describes an action that happened in the past
• Future tense: describes an action that will happen in the future
• Present perfect tense: describes an action that started in the past and continues up to the present
• Past perfect tense: describes an action that happened before another action in the past
• Future perfect tense: describes an action that will be completed at a specific point in the future

Clause and Phrase

• Independent clause: a clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence
• Dependent clause: a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence
• Phrase: a group of words that functions as a unit in a sentence, but does not contain a subject or a verb