Parole and Correctional Approaches in the Philippines

Paroling and Executive Clemency

• Offenders may be eligible for parole or executive clemency after serving a minimum sentence.

Correctional Approaches in the Philippines

• The Philippine criminal justice system uses two approaches: non-institutional and institutional correction.
• The best approach is determined by the nature of the crime, the offender's risk of re-offending, and their background.

Institutional Correction

• Focuses on detaining convicted criminals in jails or prisons.
• Managed by the Bureau of Corrections (BuCor).

Advantages of Institutional Correction

• Public Safety: Protects society by removing dangerous offenders.
• Deterrence: The threat of imprisonment deters potential crime.
• Structured Environment: Offers a structured environment with rules and expectations.
• Rehabilitation Programs: Provides education, vocational training, and counseling for offenders.

Disadvantages of Institutional Correction

• High Cost: Maintaining prisons and jails is expensive for taxpayers.
• Overcrowding: Overcrowding limits program access and increases tension.
• Limited Rehabilitation: Rehabilitation programs can be limited and may not be effective.
• Negative Impact on Offenders: Institutionalization can have negative psychological effects and make reintegration difficult.

Correctional Administration

• The systematic management of jails, prisons, and related institutions focused on custody, treatment, and rehabilitation.
• Includes the management and operation of correctional facilities and the supervision of offenders in the community.
• Requires a multi-disciplinary approach including psychology, sociology, law, and criminology.

Models of Correctional Administration

• Responsibility Model: Emphasizes accountability and personal agency in offender rehabilitation.
• Custodial Model: Prioritizes security, order, and discipline within correctional facilities.
• Control Model: Maintains strict control and authority over inmates through enforcement of institutional rules and regulations.
• Rehabilitation Model: Focuses on treatment and rehabilitation for offenders to promote successful reintegration into society.

Penology

• The study of punishment and the treatment of criminal offenders.
• Focuses on crime control and prevention through the imposition of penalties.
• Includes prison management, rehabilitation efforts, and societal responses to crime.
• Historically emphasized punishment; now evolving to include rehabilitation and reintegration.

Nature and Trends of Punishment

• Aims to maintain social order and induce conformity.
• The effectiveness of punishment varies depending on the societal context.
• Involves inflicting pain or sanction for breaking the law.
• Serves as a form of state intervention for redress of wrongdoing.

Forms of Punishment in Primitive Society

• Death Penalty: State-sanctioned execution of an individual for serious crimes.
  • Examples: Hanging, beheading, breaking wheel, burning, immersing in boiling oil, feeding to wild animals, other medieval executions.
• Physical Torture: Deliberate infliction of pain or suffering as a form of punishment or coercion.
  • Examples: Flogging, whipping, mutilation, disfiguration.
• Public Humiliation and Shaming: Public ridicule or embarrassment as a form of punishment.
  • Examples: The use of stocks and pillory, docking stool, branding, shaving off the hair.
• Banishment or Exile: Forced removal of an offender from a territory.
• Transportation: Relocation of convicted criminals to a colony or penal colony.
• Slavery: Ownership and exploitation of individuals as property, often involving forced labor.

Origins of Modern Prison Discipline: Early Practices with Punitive Characteristics

• Hard Labor: Forced performance of physically demanding work.
• Deprivation: Withholding necessities for survival.
• Monotony: Repetitive and unvarying experiences to discourage inmates.
• Uniformity: Standardized treatment of all prisoners to emphasize their status.
• Mass Movement: Organization of inmates into large groups for various activities.
• Degradation: Use of derogatory language or demeaning behavior towards inmates.
• Corporal Punishment: Use of physical force to discipline or intimidate inmates.

Explore the concepts of parole and executive clemency within the context of the Philippine criminal justice system. This quiz covers both institutional and non-institutional correctional approaches, their advantages and disadvantages, and how they impact offenders and public safety.