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What are the parathyroid glands, how many do we have, and where are they located?
What are the parathyroid glands, how many do we have, and where are they located?
The parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, which are located on the back of the thyroid gland.
What is the major function of the parathyroid glands?
What is the major function of the parathyroid glands?
The major function of the parathyroid glands is to maintain the body's calcium and phosphorus levels.
Calcium levels are kept within a very narrow range to ensure __________.
Calcium levels are kept within a very narrow range to ensure __________.
there is electrical energy for the nervous system and energy for the muscular systems, and strength for our skeletal system.
What is phosphorus involved in?
What is phosphorus involved in?
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What factors play a part in hyperparathyroidism and how does excess PTH hormone affect bone?
What factors play a part in hyperparathyroidism and how does excess PTH hormone affect bone?
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In what diseases are excessive calcium, decreased calcium, and hypophosphatemia seen?
In what diseases are excessive calcium, decreased calcium, and hypophosphatemia seen?
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What does the assessment data start with in the context of hyperparathyroidism?
What does the assessment data start with in the context of hyperparathyroidism?
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What should the patient be assessed for regarding calcium and phosphorus?
What should the patient be assessed for regarding calcium and phosphorus?
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What treatments are available for hyperparathyroidism?
What treatments are available for hyperparathyroidism?
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What are hyperparathyroid signs related to?
What are hyperparathyroid signs related to?
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What is surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid called?
What is surgical removal of the thyroid and parathyroid called?
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What should be asked during the assessment for hypoparathyroidism?
What should be asked during the assessment for hypoparathyroidism?
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What is used for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism?
What is used for the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism?
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Study Notes
Parathyroid Glands Overview
- Small endocrine glands located in the neck, typically four in number.
- Positioned on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland.
- Not palpable or visible during a neck examination.
Major Functions
- Primary role is to regulate calcium and phosphorus levels in the body.
Calcium Homeostasis
- Calcium levels are maintained within a narrow range, crucial for:
- Electrical activity in nerves.
- Muscle function and energy.
- Structural integrity of bones and teeth.
Role of Phosphorus
- Contributes to:
- Electrolyte balance.
- Strengthening body tissues.
- Works in tandem with calcium for skeletal support.
Hyperparathyroidism Mechanisms
- Excess parathyroid hormone (PTH) leads to:
- Increased bone resorption, reducing bone density.
- Decrease in osteoblastic activity (bone formation).
- Increased osteoclastic activity (bone destruction).
- Results in elevated calcium levels (hypercalcemia), potentially causing calcification in soft tissues.
Conditions Related to Calcium and Phosphorus
- Hypercalcemia primarily linked to hyperparathyroidism.
- Hypoparathyroidism results in decreased calcium levels.
- Hypophosphatemia associated with hyperthyroidism reflects inadequate phosphorus levels.
Assessment Process
- Begins with patient interviews to gather subjective data.
- Inquiries about endocrine history, medications, length of illness, and symptom relief.
- Physical exams reveal signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism.
Electrolyte Imbalance Monitoring
- Patients need evaluation for potential electrolyte imbalances involving calcium and phosphorus.
- Laboratory tests complemented by bone density assessments to detect issues.
Treatment Approaches for Hyperparathyroidism
- Options include:
- Non-surgical interventions like medications, diet, and nutritional supplements.
- Surgical options are detailed in clinical guidelines.
Signs of Hyperparathyroidism
- Symptoms linked to nerve damage include spasms and swelling, which can cause tracheal obstructions.
- May detect stridor (high, harsh sound) due to calcium levels affecting the respiratory system.
Surgical Considerations
- Thyroidectomy (removal of thyroid and parathyroid glands) indicated for certain conditions.
- Autoimmune disorders may disrupt PTH function impacting calcium regulation.
Hypoparathyroidism Assessment
- Inquire about previous neck surgeries or radiation therapy that could damage parathyroids.
- Signs of low calcium range from minor symptoms to severe cases, including muscle contractions and positive Trousseau and Chvostek signs, potentially leading to tetany.
Diagnosis of Hyperparathyroidism
- Urinary cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels are utilized for diagnosis.
- Elevated cAMP in urine signifies potential hyperparathyroidism; significant deviations prompt further evaluation.
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Description
This quiz covers essential details about the parathyroid glands, including their structure, number, and location. It aims to enhance understanding of their role in the endocrine system and how they interact with other bodily functions.
