Parasitic Infections Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Who coined the term 'virus' to describe a filterable infectious agent?

  • Ivanovsky
  • Beijerink (correct)
  • Frosch
  • Loeffler

    • Which scientist identified the tobacco mosaic virus, the first virus discovered?

  • Beijerink
  • Frosch
  • Ivanovsky (correct)
  • Loeffler

    • What is the physical structure of a virion?

  • Protein components for attachment ('spikes')
  • Protein coat only
  • Nucleic acid + protein coat (capsid) (correct)
  • Nucleic acid only

    • How was smallpox eradicated?

    <p>Through a global vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization (WHO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of selective toxicity?

    <p>The ability of an antimicrobial agent to selectively target and inhibit or kill the pathogen without causing significant harm to the host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the therapeutic index?

    <p>A ratio comparing the dose of a drug that causes a toxic effect to the dose that causes a therapeutic effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drugs are considered 'cidal'?

    <p>Drugs that kill the microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of action for antimicrobial agents called?

    <p>Spectrum of activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of combination therapy with antimicrobial agents?

    <p>To increase efficacy and prevent resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are ß-lactam drugs primarily known for?

    <p>Killing microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of chemical preservatives in microbial preservation?

    <p>Inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are prokaryotes identified in microbiology?

    <p>Microscopic morphology, culture characteristics, and metabolic capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do biofilms consist of?

    <p>Communities of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a species in microbiology?

    <p>A group of organisms capable of interbreeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of low-temperature storage in microbial preservation?

    <p>To slow down microbial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are different strains of microorganisms defined?

    <p>By antigenic properties and genetic differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme breaks down hydrogen peroxide?

    <p>Catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacteria have varying oxygen requirements?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacteria prefer high salt concentrations?

    <p>Halophile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used to control microbial growth by using high pressure?

    <p>Pascalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is commonly used for microbial control and acts as an oxidizing agent?

    <p>Peroxygens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathogen causes Acanthamoeba keratitis?

    <p>Acanthamoeba keratitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what temperature range do psychrotrophs grow best?

    <p>Between 20°C and 45°C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to control microbial growth in dairy products?

    <p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bacteria can survive in the presence or absence of oxygen?

    <p>Facultative anaerobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two enzymes involved in the breakdown of reactive oxygen species in bacteria?

    <p>Superoxide dismutase and catalase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH preference of acidophiles?

    <p>pH below 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical compound is commonly used for surface disinfection due to its rapid action against a wide range of microorganisms?

    <p>Halogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of infections involve continual virus production?

    <p>Persistent infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary defining feature of eukaryotic cells?

    <p>Presence of a true nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of viruses have lipid envelopes derived from host cell membranes?

    <p>Enveloped viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection?

    <p>Viral cytopathic effect (CPE)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes both chickenpox and shingles?

    <p>$Varicella-Zoster$ virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a complete, infectious viral particle outside a host cell?

    <p>$Virion$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to control microbial growth in dairy products?

    <p>Pasteurization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do non-enveloped viruses lack?

    <p>Lipid envelopes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Microbial Pathogens, Microbial Growth, and Control Methods

    • Candida auris and albicans cause candidiasis, with C. auris being multidrug-resistant.
    • Various pathogens like Acanthamoeba keratitis, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma gondii, tapeworms, Ascaris, Naegleria fowleri, and Schistosoma mansoni cause different infections.
    • Psychrophile, psychrotroph, mesophile, thermophile, hyperthermophile, neutrophile, acidophile, alkalophile, halophile, and halotolerant bacteria have specific temperature and pH preferences.
    • Different types of bacteria like facultative anaerobes, obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, microaerophiles, and aerotolerant anaerobes have varying oxygen requirements.
    • Catalase is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide, while superoxide dismutase converts superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.
    • Sterilization, disinfection, pasteurization, decontamination, sanitization, and preservation are methods used to control microbial growth.
    • Physical methods like pasteurization, autoclaving, dry heat, filtration, radiation, high pressure, and pascalization are used to control microbial growth.
    • Chemicals like alcohols, aldehydes, ethylene oxide gas, halogens, peroxygens, phenolic compounds, and quats are used for microbial control.
    • Factors like efficacy and safety are crucial when selecting an appropriate germicidal chemical.

    Microbiology: Viruses and Eukaryotic Microbes

    • Viruses are classified based on nucleic acid type, presence of envelope, capsid symmetry, and virion dimensions.
    • Viruses are challenging to study in the laboratory due to their need for a host cell for replication.
    • Enveloped viruses have lipid envelopes derived from host cell membranes, while non-enveloped viruses lack lipid envelopes.
    • Varicella-Zoster virus causes both chickenpox and shingles, with the virus becoming latent in nerve cells.
    • Acute infections are short-lived, while persistent infections can be chronic or latent.
    • Some viruses can contribute to cancer by integrating their genetic material into the host cell's DNA.
    • A virion is a complete, infectious viral particle outside a host cell, consisting of the viral genome and a protective protein coat.
    • The viral infection life cycle includes attachment, penetration and uncoating, synthesis of viral proteins and replication, assembly and maturation, and release.
    • Strategies of viral replication vary based on the type of nucleic acid and its sense (positive or negative).
    • Latent infections have periods of inactivity followed by reactivation, acute infections are short-lived, and chronic infections involve continual virus production.
    • Cytopathic effect (CPE) refers to visible damage to host cells caused by viral infection, manifesting as cell rounding, fusion, or death.
    • Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while prokaryotic cells lack these features.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of parasitic infections with this quiz. Learn about Candida auris, Acanthamoeba keratitis, Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma gondii, tapeworms, and Ascaris.

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