20 Questions
During which geologic era did the landmass of the present-day Horn of Africa undergo alternate sinking and rising?
Mesozoic Era
What was the major geological process of the Paleozoic Era?
Denudation
What was the outcome of the intense denudation during the Paleozoic Era?
Formation of an undulating plain with residual features
What type of deposits were formed as a result of the subsidence of the land during the Mesozoic Era?
Marine deposits
Which geological process affected the entire Horn of Africa and Arabian landmass during the Mesozoic Era?
Epeirogenesis
What process led to the formation of sandstone and limestone layers in the Mesozoic rocks?
Compression by the overlying rocks and cementing minerals
What is the Upper sandstone layer named after?
A place name in Tigray
Which sedimentary rock formation has the greatest potential for oil and gas deposits?
Adigrat sandstone
What percentage of the land mass of Ethiopia do the Mesozoic sedimentary rocks cover?
25%
What process led to the end of sedimentation in the country?
Uplift of the landmass
Match the following geological eras with their duration in million years:
Paleozoic Era = 375 million years Mesozoic Era = 155 million years Precambrian Era = Unknown Cenozoic Era = Unknown
Match the following geological processes with the eras they were associated with:
Denudation = Paleozoic Era Epeirogenesis = Mesozoic Era Orogeny = Precambrian Era Subsidence = Cenozoic Era
Match the following landmass regions with the geological processes that affected them during the Mesozoic Era:
Somalia and Ogaden = Sea invasion and sand deposition Northwest region = Higher elevation due to land tilting Southeast region = Lower elevation due to land tilting Entire Horn of Africa and Arabian landmass = Alternate sinking and rising
Match the following outcomes with the geological processes during the Paleozoic Era:
Formation of undulating plain with residual features = Denudation Transportation of sediments to form marine deposits = Intense denudation Formation of peneplained surface = Gigantic mountains subjected to denudation Limited deposition of rocks within Ethiopia = Rare rocks belonging to this era
Match the following sedimentary rock formations with their potential deposits:
Mesozoic rocks = Sandstone and limestone layers Paleozoic rocks = Limited deposition in Ethiopia Precambrian rocks = Unknown potential deposits Cenozoic rocks = Greatest potential for oil and gas deposits
Match the sedimentary rock formations with their associated geological processes:
Adigrat sandstone = Deposition due to the regression of the sea Hintalo limestone = Association with the flourishing of marine life Upper sandstone = Formation upon the Precambrian rock surface Gypsum and shale = Inter-bedded above and below the Hintalo limestone
Match the geological events with their corresponding geological eras:
Flourishing of marine life and deposition of lime = Mesozoic Era Subsidence of the land and deposition of clay, silt, and sand conglomerate = Cretaceous period Tilting of the landmass during transgression and regression of the sea = Mesozoic Era Intense denudation during transgression and regression of the sea = Paleozoic Era
Match the process or outcome with its associated geological formation:
Compression by overlying rocks and cementing minerals = Formation of sandstone and limestone layers in Mesozoic rocks End of sedimentation in the country = Deposition of clay, silt, sand conglomerate brought in from the land as the sea receded due to uplift of the landmass Decaying and precipitating of marine life remains = Formation of Hintalo limestone Tilting of the landmass during transgression and regression of the sea = Formation of Upper Sandstone
Match the geographical locations with their associated sedimentary rock layers:
Adigrat sandstone = Named after place names in Tigray where they might have been first identified Hintalo limestone = Named after place names in Tigray where they might have been first identified Upper sandstone = Named after place names in Tigray where they might have been first identified Mesozoic sedimentary rocks = Cover 25% of the land mass of Ethiopia
Match the processes with their outcomes during the Mesozoic Era:
Subsidence of the land = Deposition of gypsum, shale, and sands over Hintalo limestone Retreat of the sea = Deposition of clay, silt, and sand conglomerate brought in from the land as the sea receded due to uplift of the landmass Rise of the land and regression of the sea = Formation of Adigrat sandstone and Hintalo limestone layers Uplift of the landmass = End of sedimentation in the country
Study Notes
Paleozoic Era
- The major geological process during this era was intense denudation.
- The outcome of intense denudation was the formation of a stable craton.
Mesozoic Era
- The landmass of the present-day Horn of Africa underwent subsidence, leading to the formation of sandstone and limestone layers.
- The geological process that affected the entire Horn of Africa and Arabian landmass was rifting.
- The Upper sandstone layer is named after the Antalo Supersequence.
- Sedimentary rocks formed during this era cover about 25% of the landmass of Ethiopia.
- The process that led to the end of sedimentation in the country was uplift.
Geological Processes and Eras
- Paleozoic Era: 541-252 million years; intense denudation.
- Mesozoic Era: 252-66 million years; rifting and subsidence.
Geological Processes and Landmass Regions
- Horn of Africa and Arabian landmass: rifting.
- Horn of Africa: subsidence.
Outcomes and Geological Processes
- Intense denudation: formation of a stable craton.
- Rifting: formation of rift valleys.
- Subsidence: formation of sandstone and limestone layers.
Sedimentary Rock Formations and Deposits
- Antalo Supersequence: potential for oil and gas deposits.
- Sandstone and limestone layers: potential for oil and gas deposits.
Geological Events and Eras
- Rifting: Mesozoic Era.
- Subsidence: Mesozoic Era.
- Intense denudation: Paleozoic Era.
- Uplift: end of Mesozoic Era.
Geological Formations and Processes
- Antalo Supersequence: subsidence and sedimentation.
- Sandstone and limestone layers: subsidence and sedimentation.
Geographical Locations and Sedimentary Rock Layers
- Horn of Africa: Antalo Supersequence and sandstone and limestone layers.
Processes and Outcomes
- Rifting: formation of rift valleys.
- Subsidence: formation of sandstone and limestone layers.
- Uplift: end of sedimentation.
Explore the major geological processes of the Paleozoic Era, including denudation and the formation of peneplained surfaces and residual features. Learn about the transformation of gigantic mountain ranges during this era.
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