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Questions and Answers
What is the primary cause of subdural hemorrhage?
What is the primary cause of subdural hemorrhage?
Cerebral aneurysms are a type of traumatic injury.
Cerebral aneurysms are a type of traumatic injury.
False
What is the definition of concussion?
What is the definition of concussion?
Shock, unconsciousness, and post-traumatic amnesia
Cerebral strokes are a type of non-traumatic lesion of the cerebral vessels, which includes ______________________.
Cerebral strokes are a type of non-traumatic lesion of the cerebral vessels, which includes ______________________.
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Match the following types of cerebral aneurysms with their descriptions:
Match the following types of cerebral aneurysms with their descriptions:
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What is the most common site of cerebral infarction?
What is the most common site of cerebral infarction?
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Punctate hemorrhage is a type of massive cerebral hemorrhage.
Punctate hemorrhage is a type of massive cerebral hemorrhage.
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What is the definition of cerebro-vascular disease?
What is the definition of cerebro-vascular disease?
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What is the primary cause of massive intra-cranial hemorrhage (apoplexy)?
What is the primary cause of massive intra-cranial hemorrhage (apoplexy)?
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Cerebral strokes are always fatal.
Cerebral strokes are always fatal.
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What is the term used to describe the softening of brain tissue after an infarction?
What is the term used to describe the softening of brain tissue after an infarction?
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What is the term used to describe the degenerative disease affecting the peripheral nervous system?
What is the term used to describe the degenerative disease affecting the peripheral nervous system?
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Polyneuropathy affects only one nerve.
Polyneuropathy affects only one nerve.
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Match the following types of hemorrhage:
Match the following types of hemorrhage:
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What is the term used to describe the process of repair by gliosis in the brain?
What is the term used to describe the process of repair by gliosis in the brain?
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What is one of the causes of increased intra-cranial tension?
What is one of the causes of increased intra-cranial tension?
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Cerebral herniation occurs through the tentorium cerebelli and foramen magnum, leading to pressure on the vital medullary centers. (True or False)
Cerebral herniation occurs through the tentorium cerebelli and foramen magnum, leading to pressure on the vital medullary centers. (True or False)
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What is the effect of brain edema on the skull bones?
What is the effect of brain edema on the skull bones?
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The edematous part of the brain is swollen, pale, moist, and _______________________.
The edematous part of the brain is swollen, pale, moist, and _______________________.
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Match the type of hydrocephalus with its characteristic:
Match the type of hydrocephalus with its characteristic:
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What is the effect of increased intra-cranial tension on cerebral perfusion?
What is the effect of increased intra-cranial tension on cerebral perfusion?
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Traumatic meningeal hemorrhage can occur due to traumatic injury of the middle cerebral artery. (True or False)
Traumatic meningeal hemorrhage can occur due to traumatic injury of the middle cerebral artery. (True or False)
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What is the term for the accumulation of CSF inside the ventricular system, leading to dilatation and subsequent atrophy of the brain parenchyma?
What is the term for the accumulation of CSF inside the ventricular system, leading to dilatation and subsequent atrophy of the brain parenchyma?
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Study Notes
Cerebral Infarction
- A pale infarction that shows the following changes:
- After 6 hours: pale, opaque, and dry area
- 12-48 hours: soft area with no demarcation between gray and white matter
- 48-72 hours: liquefactive necrosis with the formation of creamy fluid (Encephalomalacia)
- Weeks to months: repair by gliosis, complete filling if small, central calcification surrounded by gliosis if large
Pathology of Cerebral Infarction
- Loss of neurons, neuroglia, and blood vessels
- After 48 hours: PMNLs invade the area
- 72-96 hours: macrophages start to replace PMNLs
- 2 weeks later: macrophages clean the area
- Months later: complete healing by gliosis occurs
Prognosis of Cerebral Infarction
- Massive infarction may be fatal
Cerebral Strokes
- Massive Intra-Cranial Hemorrhage (Apoplexy) (15%)
- Definition: non-traumatic hemorrhage
- Types: Primary Hge, Secondary Hge
Cerebral Hemorrhage
- Etiology: mostly related to hypertension and rupture of intra-cerebral micro-aneurysm
- Pathology: commonest site is the middle cerebral artery (basal ganglia and internal capsule)
- Affected hemisphere bulges externally, shift of the brain to the other side, variable-sized blood clots surrounded by edematous brain tissue that may compress the ventricles
Peripheral Neuropathy
- Definition: a degenerative disease affecting any nerve of the peripheral nervous system
- Types: polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy
- Affects only one nerve in mononeuropathy
Traumatic Parenchymal Injury
- Types: concussion, contusion, laceration, traumatic intra-cerebral hemorrhage
- Massive Cerebral Hge: rapidly fatal, caused by hypertension, trauma, tumors, rupture of cerebral aneurysm
- Punctate Hge: small hemorrhagic spots due to infections, trauma, and hemorrhagic diseases
Cerebro-vascular Diseases
- Definition: non-traumatic lesions of the cerebral vessels
- Includes: inflammation, cerebral aneurysms, degeneration, cerebral strokes
Cerebral Aneurysms
- Types: berry "congenital" aneurysm, mycotic aneurysm, atherosclerotic aneurysm, traumatic arterio-venous aneurysm, intra-cerebral micro-aneurysm of benign hypertension
- Locations: circle of Willis or one of its main branches
Increase Intra-Cranial Tension
- Causes: brain edema, hydrocephalus
- Effects: brain edema, papilledema, cerebral herniation, increased intra-cranial tension, decreased cerebral perfusion, cerebral ischemia
Brain Edema
- Characteristics: swollen, pale, moist, and soft
- Effects: worm-eaten appearance of the skull bones, papilledema, cerebral herniation, increased intra-cranial tension, decreased cerebral perfusion, cerebral ischemia
Hydrocephalus
- Definition: chronic accumulation of CSF inside the ventricular system, dilatation with subsequent atrophy of the brain parenchyma
- Causes: increased CSF production, obstruction of CSF outflow, interference of CSF absorption
- Effects: head changes, ventricular system dilatation, nervous tissue pressure atrophy, increased intra-cranial tension
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Description
This quiz covers the stages of pale infarction, including changes in the brain tissue over time, from opacity to liquefactive necrosis and eventually, repair by gliosis. Understand the progression of pale infarction and its effects on brain tissues.
