32 Questions
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the brain?
Hypertension
What is the most likely cause of death in Case 2?
Raised intracranial pressure
What is the most likely cause of death in Case 3?
Raised intracranial pressure
What is the most likely cause of death in Case 4?
Septicaemia
What condition is most likely to cause destruction of a vertebral disk and subsequent dislocation of the spine?
Spinal abscess
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause cardiac hypertrophy?
Hypertension
What is the most likely cause of the patient's leg weakness, urinary incontinence, and multi-organ failure in Case 4?
Spinal abscess
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause intracranial pressure and tonsillar herniation?
Raised intracranial pressure
Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause a berry aneurysm?
Adult polycystic kidney disease
What is the most likely cause of the patient's symptoms in Case 5?
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Which structure is affected in Case 1?
Frontal lobe
What is the size, shape, and color of the abnormality in Case 1?
Small, irregular, dark red
What is the possible cause of the clinical features in Case 1?
Trauma
What is the potential consequence of transtentorial herniation in Case 1?
Compression of the oculomotor nerve
What is the cause of death in Case 1?
Raised intracranial pressure
What is the name of the structure shown in the image labeled 'External surface of dura mater'?
Tentorium cerebelli
What is the term for the abnormal accumulation of blood between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?
Subdural hematoma
What is the potential consequence of subfalcine herniation in Case 1?
Compression of the frontal lobe
What is the term for the compression of the oculomotor nerve in Case 1?
Oculomotor palsy
What is the potential consequence of increased intracranial pressure in Case 1?
Decreased heart rate
Which of the following clinical features might this patient show?
Non-blanching skin rash, photophobia, neck or nuchal stiffness, fever, headaches, drowsiness
Which investigation can confirm this diagnosis?
Lumbar puncture to obtain CSF for bacterial culture
What are the contraindications against such investigation and why?
Raised intracranial pressure with risk of tonsillar herniation. Lumbar puncture may cause further increase in intracranial pressure.
Which group of organisms is commonly associated with meningitis in newborns?
Group B streptococci, E. coli
Which group of organisms is commonly associated with meningitis in children?
Meningococcus/Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which group of organisms is commonly associated with meningitis in adults?
Meningococcus/Neisseria meningitides, Streptococcus pneumoniae
Which group of organisms is commonly associated with meningitis in old age?
Haemophilus influenzae
Which group of organisms is commonly associated with meningitis in immunocompromised individuals?
All of the above
What are some causes of non-infectious meningitis?
Metastasis to the meninges, drug reactions, sarcoidosis, vasculitis
What is the difference between coup and contrecoup injuries?
Coup injury occurs when the head is moving, while contrecoup injury occurs when the head is stationary
What type of haemorrhage is the most likely consequence of a rupture to the middle meningeal artery (from Question 1) by the cricket ball?
extradural haemorrhage
The middle meningeal artery supplies parts of the cerebral hemispheres. TRUE or FALSE?
True
Test your knowledge on medical cases involving intraparenchymal hemorrhage in the brain, cardiac hypertrophy, destruction of vertebral disk leading to spine dislocation, and causes of death in different cases.
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