Neuropathology and Cellular Changes

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Questions and Answers

What type of hyperplasia occurs in the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy?

Neoplastic hyperplasia

Pathological hyperplasia

Hormonal hyperplasia (correct)

Compensatory hyperplasia

What triggers compensatory hyperplasia in the liver after partial hepatectomy?

Loss of part of the organ (correct)

Increase in hormonal levels

Increased enzymatic activity

Removal of the entire organ

What condition may result from increased estrogenic stimulation in women?

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Compensatory hyperplasia

Endometrial hyperplasia (correct)

Breast cancer

What is a potential consequence of pathological hyperplasia?

Development of cancer Signup and view all the answers

What cellular change is commonly associated with the recovery of liver function after resection?

Increased mitotic activity Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the origin of disease, including underlying causes and modifying factors?

Etiology Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptive cellular response involves an increase in cell size?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which condition describes the loss of mature cellular differentiation?

Anaplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is described as continuously dividing under normal conditions?

Labile cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of stable cells?

They rarely divide but can after injury. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a true adaptive response?

Dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when cells respond to injurious stimuli by undergoing reversible changes?

Adaptation Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular adaptation can result in a decreased size of cells?

Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of brain atrophy in an elderly individual with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease?

Loss of brain substance due to aging and reduced blood supply Signup and view all the answers

How does metaplasia differ from transdifferentiation?

Metaplasia involves replacement of one adult cell type with another, while transdifferentiation involves a single cell type transforming into a different lineage. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of organ size, how does atrophy compare to hypertrophy?

Atrophy is characterized by a decrease in organ size, whereas hypertrophy leads to an increase. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with hyperplasia?

Reduced size of cells Signup and view all the answers

In a scenario of renal dysfunction in a 45-year-old woman, what histological change would likely be observed in the affected kidney?

Atrophy leading to a smaller kidney size Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the cellular characteristics associated with hypertrophy?

Increased size of cells without an increase in number Signup and view all the answers

What process involves the replacement of a specific differentiated cell type by a more stress-resistant one?

Metaplasia Signup and view all the answers

What cellular changes occur in atrophy?

Decreased cell size and number Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes permanent cells in response to injury?

They are unable to divide after injury. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of hypertrophy on organ size?

Increase in the size of the cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of hypertrophy occurs due to increased workload in skeletal and cardiac muscles?

Physiological hypertrophy. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of growth factors are involved in the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy?

Growth factors and adrenergic hormones. Signup and view all the answers

What transition occurs in contractile proteins during cardiac hypertrophy?

From adult to fetal forms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of pathological hypertrophy?

Hypertrophy of myocardial fibers due to hypertension. Signup and view all the answers

Which process leads to an increase in organ size without the formation of new cells?

Hypertrophy. Signup and view all the answers

What role does estrogen play in physiological hypertrophy of the uterus?

Stimulates smooth muscle hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Signup and view all the answers

What process involves an increase in the size of cells without an increase in their number?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hyperplasia is true?

It involves an increase in the number of cells. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential cause of atrophy?

Decreased workload Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary mechanisms through which atrophy occurs?

Decreased protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Autophagy is best described as:

The process where cells consume their organelles when starved. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of atrophy is usually associated with aging?

Senile atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a result of continued atrophy when cells reach a certain threshold?

Apoptosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in atrophy?

To degrade cellular proteins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Atrophy of the brain

The brain of an 81-year-old man with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease shows atrophy.
Atrophy is caused by aging and reduced blood supply.
Loss of brain substance narrows the gyri and widens the sulci.

Metaplasia

A change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
A cell type sensitive to a particular stress is replaced by another cell type better able to withstand the adverse environment.
Reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway can lead to malignant transformation.

Transdifferentiation

Transdifferentiation involves the conversion of one mature cell type to another mature cell type.
Metaplasia involves the replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type, often in response to stress or injury.

Metaplasia of normal columnar to squamous epithelium

Normal columnar epithelium in the bronchus is replaced by squamous epithelium.
This change is shown schematically and histologically.

Normal Columnar/squamous intestinal metaplasia

Intestinal metaplasia involves a change in cells lining the stomach or esophagus.
Metaplasia can occur in the stomach, esophagus, and other areas of the body due to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Differences among atrophy, hypertrophy and hyperplasia

Atrophy: Reduced size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
Hypertrophy: Increased size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of cells.
Hyperplasia: Increase in the size/mass of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells.

Atrophy

Reduced size of an organ or tissue caused by reduction in the size and number of cells.
Causes include decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging.
The loss of hormone stimulation in menopause is a physiological change.
Over time, as atrophy worsens, affected cells may undergo apoptosis.

Mechanism of Atrophy

Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation.
Decreased protein synthesis occurs because of reduced metabolic activity.
Degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
Nutrient deficiency and disuse activate ubiquitin ligases which target cellular proteins for degradation in the proteasome.

Increased autophagy

Autophagy is the process where the starved cell eats its own organelles in an attempt to survive.

Testicular atrophy

A comparison of a normal testis and an atrophic testis.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts in neuropathology, focusing on brain atrophy, metaplasia, and transdifferentiation. It highlights how cellular adaptations occur in response to aging, stress, and environmental changes. Understand the implications of these processes on health and disease.