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Questions and Answers
What type of hyperplasia occurs in the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy?
What type of hyperplasia occurs in the female breast at puberty and during pregnancy?
What triggers compensatory hyperplasia in the liver after partial hepatectomy?
What triggers compensatory hyperplasia in the liver after partial hepatectomy?
What condition may result from increased estrogenic stimulation in women?
What condition may result from increased estrogenic stimulation in women?
What is a potential consequence of pathological hyperplasia?
What is a potential consequence of pathological hyperplasia?
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What cellular change is commonly associated with the recovery of liver function after resection?
What cellular change is commonly associated with the recovery of liver function after resection?
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What term describes the origin of disease, including underlying causes and modifying factors?
What term describes the origin of disease, including underlying causes and modifying factors?
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Which adaptive cellular response involves an increase in cell size?
Which adaptive cellular response involves an increase in cell size?
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Which condition describes the loss of mature cellular differentiation?
Which condition describes the loss of mature cellular differentiation?
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Which type of cell is described as continuously dividing under normal conditions?
Which type of cell is described as continuously dividing under normal conditions?
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What is the primary characteristic of stable cells?
What is the primary characteristic of stable cells?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a true adaptive response?
Which of the following is NOT considered a true adaptive response?
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What is the process called when cells respond to injurious stimuli by undergoing reversible changes?
What is the process called when cells respond to injurious stimuli by undergoing reversible changes?
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Which cellular adaptation can result in a decreased size of cells?
Which cellular adaptation can result in a decreased size of cells?
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What is the primary cause of brain atrophy in an elderly individual with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease?
What is the primary cause of brain atrophy in an elderly individual with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease?
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How does metaplasia differ from transdifferentiation?
How does metaplasia differ from transdifferentiation?
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In terms of organ size, how does atrophy compare to hypertrophy?
In terms of organ size, how does atrophy compare to hypertrophy?
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Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with hyperplasia?
Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with hyperplasia?
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In a scenario of renal dysfunction in a 45-year-old woman, what histological change would likely be observed in the affected kidney?
In a scenario of renal dysfunction in a 45-year-old woman, what histological change would likely be observed in the affected kidney?
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Which of the following describes the cellular characteristics associated with hypertrophy?
Which of the following describes the cellular characteristics associated with hypertrophy?
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What process involves the replacement of a specific differentiated cell type by a more stress-resistant one?
What process involves the replacement of a specific differentiated cell type by a more stress-resistant one?
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What cellular changes occur in atrophy?
What cellular changes occur in atrophy?
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What characterizes permanent cells in response to injury?
What characterizes permanent cells in response to injury?
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What is the primary effect of hypertrophy on organ size?
What is the primary effect of hypertrophy on organ size?
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Which type of hypertrophy occurs due to increased workload in skeletal and cardiac muscles?
Which type of hypertrophy occurs due to increased workload in skeletal and cardiac muscles?
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What kind of growth factors are involved in the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy?
What kind of growth factors are involved in the mechanism of cardiac hypertrophy?
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What transition occurs in contractile proteins during cardiac hypertrophy?
What transition occurs in contractile proteins during cardiac hypertrophy?
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Which of the following is an example of pathological hypertrophy?
Which of the following is an example of pathological hypertrophy?
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Which process leads to an increase in organ size without the formation of new cells?
Which process leads to an increase in organ size without the formation of new cells?
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What role does estrogen play in physiological hypertrophy of the uterus?
What role does estrogen play in physiological hypertrophy of the uterus?
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What process involves an increase in the size of cells without an increase in their number?
What process involves an increase in the size of cells without an increase in their number?
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Which of the following statements about hyperplasia is true?
Which of the following statements about hyperplasia is true?
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Which of the following is a potential cause of atrophy?
Which of the following is a potential cause of atrophy?
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What is one of the primary mechanisms through which atrophy occurs?
What is one of the primary mechanisms through which atrophy occurs?
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Autophagy is best described as:
Autophagy is best described as:
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Which type of atrophy is usually associated with aging?
Which type of atrophy is usually associated with aging?
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Which of the following is a result of continued atrophy when cells reach a certain threshold?
Which of the following is a result of continued atrophy when cells reach a certain threshold?
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What is the primary role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in atrophy?
What is the primary role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in atrophy?
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Study Notes
Atrophy of the brain
- The brain of an 81-year-old man with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease shows atrophy.
- Atrophy is caused by aging and reduced blood supply.
- Loss of brain substance narrows the gyri and widens the sulci.
Metaplasia
- A change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type.
- A cell type sensitive to a particular stress is replaced by another cell type better able to withstand the adverse environment.
- Reprogramming of stem cells to differentiate along a new pathway can lead to malignant transformation.
Transdifferentiation
- Transdifferentiation involves the conversion of one mature cell type to another mature cell type.
- Metaplasia involves the replacement of one mature cell type by another mature cell type, often in response to stress or injury.
Metaplasia of normal columnar to squamous epithelium
- Normal columnar epithelium in the bronchus is replaced by squamous epithelium.
- This change is shown schematically and histologically.
Normal Columnar/squamous intestinal metaplasia
- Intestinal metaplasia involves a change in cells lining the stomach or esophagus.
- Metaplasia can occur in the stomach, esophagus, and other areas of the body due to chronic irritation or inflammation.
Differences among atrophy, hypertrophy and hyperplasia
- Atrophy: Reduced size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in cell size and number.
- Hypertrophy: Increased size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the size of cells.
- Hyperplasia: Increase in the size/mass of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells.
Atrophy
- Reduced size of an organ or tissue caused by reduction in the size and number of cells.
- Causes include decreased workload, loss of innervation, diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of endocrine stimulation, and aging.
- The loss of hormone stimulation in menopause is a physiological change.
- Over time, as atrophy worsens, affected cells may undergo apoptosis.
Mechanism of Atrophy
- Decreased protein synthesis and increased protein degradation.
- Decreased protein synthesis occurs because of reduced metabolic activity.
- Degradation of cellular proteins occurs mainly by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
- Nutrient deficiency and disuse activate ubiquitin ligases which target cellular proteins for degradation in the proteasome.
Increased autophagy
- Autophagy is the process where the starved cell eats its own organelles in an attempt to survive.
Testicular atrophy
- A comparison of a normal testis and an atrophic testis.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in neuropathology, focusing on brain atrophy, metaplasia, and transdifferentiation. It highlights how cellular adaptations occur in response to aging, stress, and environmental changes. Understand the implications of these processes on health and disease.