35 Questions
What is the primary function of nociceptors?
Responding to noxious or potentially damaging stimuli
What is the mechanism by which mediators act on nociceptors?
By selectively changing the permeability of the receptor
What is the role of calcium ions in nociceptor activation?
They play a significant role in the production of generator potentials
What is the route that pain signals take from the periphery to the brain?
Peripheral nerves, dorsal horn, midbrain, sensory cortex
What is the term for the process by which pain signals are modified or regulated?
Modulation
What is the term for the conversion of a stimulus into an electrical signal?
Transduction
What is the primary function of the dorsal root ganglia in relation to pain?
To modulate sensory input in the dorsal horn
What is the term for the physiological perception derived from a particular stimulus or pattern of stimuli?
Pain
What is the term for the sensory receptor that responds to stimuli that cause pain?
Nociceptor
What is the primary role of the 'gate theory' in relation to pain?
To modulate sensory input at the level of the spinal cord
What is the definition of pain according to the International Association for Study of Pain?
A subjective experience derived from a particular stimulus or pattern of stimuli
What type of fibres are mainly responsible for transmitting 'slow' pain from deeper structures and viscera?
C fibres
According to the gate control theory, what happens to pain messages when the 'nerve gates' are open?
Pain messages 'get through' easily
What is the primary function of pain sensation?
To minimize tissue damage
What type of pain results from central sensitization of second-order interneurons and peripheral sensitization of primary nociceptors?
Pathological pain
Which route of onwards travel is concerned with 'fast' pain from skin receptors?
Neospinothalamic tract
What is the role of psychological factors in the experience of pain?
They can affect pain through the gate control mechanism
What is the result of prolonged hyperalgesia?
Debilitating persistent pain
What can cause the 'nerve gates' to close, reducing pain?
Medications and counter-stimulation
Which of the following conditions can lead to prolonged, severe neuropathic pain?
Nerve damage
Which brain region is involved in the modulation of pain?
Periaqueductal grey
What is the role of enkephalin in pain modulation?
Inhibits pain transmission
What is the function of the dorsal horn in pain perception?
Modulates pain intensity
Which neurotransmitter is involved in pain gating?
GABA
What is the role of the periaqueductal grey (PAG) in pain modulation?
Modulates pain intensity
What is the function of endogenous opioids in pain modulation?
Suppress pain transmission
Which of the following is a type of endogenous opioid?
All of the above
What is the role of mu opioid receptors in pain modulation?
Suppress pain transmission
What type of pain is characterized as 'fast' pain?
Superficial pain
What is a characteristic of chronic pain?
It produces physical manifestations and emotional effects
What is the result of undesirable learning processes in chronic pain?
Dissociation of external pain stimulus
What is the role of the nucleus caudalis in relation to pain?
It modifies pain input from the trigeminal nerve
What is a key feature of the gate theory in relation to pain?
It is a biopsychosocial model of pain
What is a common consequence of chronic pain?
Depression, fear of recurrence, and anxiety
What is a characteristic of trigeminal neuralgia?
It is a type of chronic pain that affects the trigeminal nerve
Learn about the role of dorsal root ganglia and the modulation of sensory input in the dorsal horn, introducing the 'gate theory' and ascending pathways in pain management.
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