Pain and Nervous System: Anatomy and Physiology

What is pain, as defined by the International Association of the Study of Pain?

A type of sensory receptor
A type of neural process involving the transduction of a noxious stimulus
An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage (correct)
The process of transmitting a pain signal to the brain

What is the term for the process by which the body alters a pain signal as it is transmitted along the pain pathway?

Pain perception
Nociception
Modulation (correct)
Sensory transmission

Which of the following types of sensory receptors is responsible for detecting pain?

Mechanoreceptors
Nociceptors (correct)
Thermoreceptors
Photoreceptors

What is the term for the neural process involving the transduction and transmission of a noxious stimulus to the brain?

Nociception (C) Signup and view all the answers

What level of the somatosensory system is responsible for the final processing of pain information?

Perceptual level (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of pain?

It requires consciousness (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a heart rate greater than 100?

Tachycardia (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the Pain Assessme nt in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD)?

To measure the intensity of pain in patients (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a barrier to effective pain management?

Patient's medical history (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of pain management in ambulance guidelines?

To treat the cause of the pain if possible (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a psychological pain relief option?

Reassurance and distraction (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Wong-Baker Faces Scale?

To measure the intensity of pain in patients (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between nociception and pain?

Nociception is the physical signaling to the brain, while pain is the perception of the signal within the brain. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using a pain scoring system?

To inform treatment decisions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a biopsychosocial interpretation of pain?

Considering the physical, psychological, and social factors that influence pain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of considering the patient's understanding when asking about pain?

To ensure accurate reporting of pain (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a learning outcome for pain management?

Develop a treatment plan for chronic pain (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the physical signaling to the brain in response to a painful stimulus?

Nociception (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organs directly drains blood into the hepatic portal circulation?

Small intestine (C) Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the blood in the hepatic portal circulation?

Rich in nutrients and may contain toxins and bacteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

To remove pathogens from the blood (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the structure consisting of the portal vein, bile duct, and portal artery?

Portal triad (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the toxins in the hepatic portal blood?

They are metabolized and removed before release into the systemic circulation (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hepatocytes in the liver?

To break down absorbed nutrients (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the hepatic artery?

To supply oxygenated blood to the liver from other organs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of arterial blood supply to the liver?

25% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the Kupffer cells in the liver?

To destroy worn-out red and white blood cells, bacteria and other harmful matter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of liver trauma?

It is not good!! (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the enterohepatic circulation?

To reabsorb bile salts into the small intestine and recycle them to the liver (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hepatic arteriole in the liver?

To receive oxygenated blood from the hepatic artery (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the volume of blood flow through the liver per minute?

1-2 liters (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate destination of the blood from the hepatic veins?

The inferior vena cava (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the portal vein?

To supply deoxygenated blood to the liver from other organs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the portal venule in the liver?

To receive nutrient-rich deoxygenated blood from the GI tract (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the liver's function in carbohydrate metabolism?

Regulation of blood glucose levels (D) Signup and view all the answers