Pain Presentation HEA1091(2).pptx

OFFICI AL Pain HEA1091 OFFICI AL Learning Outcomes Define pain Understand anatomy and physiology of pain Demonstrate appropriate pain assessment OFFICI AL What is pain? OFFICI AL Nervous System Recap OFFICI AL Nervous System Recap Types of Sensory Receptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Tactile re...

OFFICI AL Pain HEA1091 OFFICI AL Learning Outcomes Define pain Understand anatomy and physiology of pain Demonstrate appropriate pain assessment OFFICI AL What is pain? OFFICI AL Nervous System Recap OFFICI AL Nervous System Recap Types of Sensory Receptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Tactile receptors Baroreceptors Proprioceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors Somatosensory System Receptor level (sensors) Circuit level (processed in ascending pathways) Perceptual level (cerebral cortex) OFFICI AL Types of Sensory Receptors Photoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Tactile receptors Baroreceptors Proprioceptors Thermoreceptors Chemoreceptors Nociceptors OFFICI AL Pain ‘an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage’ (International Association of the Study of Pain, 1996) is subjective cannot be easily measured requires consciousness OFFICI AL Nociception ‘Nociception is the neural process involving the transduction and transmission of a noxious stimulus to the brain via a pain pathway.’ (Steeds, 2016) OFFICI AL Modulatio n ‘Pain modulation refers to the process by which the body alters a pain signal as it is transmitted along the pain pathway and explains, at least in part, why individual responses to the same painful stimulus sometimes differ.’ (Kirkpatrick et al., 2015) OFFICI AL Nociceptio n. OFFICI AL Feeling no pain video OFFICI AL Heart Rate Greater than 100 is Tachycardia Less than 60 is Bradycardia Range between 60 and 100 Specific QUANTITATIVE data. Independently or alongside other information. OFFICI AL OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Resting State Network OFFICI AL Michael Mosely on pain OFFICI AL Measuring the intensity of the pain. OFFICI AL Context OFFICI AL Write as many words as you can to describe pain? OFFICI AL https://wongbakerfaces.org/ OFFICI AL Pain Assessme nt in Advanced Dementia Scale (PAINAD) OFFICI AL Abbey Pain Scale. OFFICI AL Ambulance Guidelines (JRCALC, 2019) Barriers to effective pain management include: patient factors (general condition, communication, cooperation) knowledge and experience of the clinician environment and available resources. OFFICI AL Ambulance Guidelines (JRCALC, 2019) OFFICI AL Ambulance Guidelines - Assessment (JRCALC, 2019) OFFICI AL Ambulance Guidelines – Pain Management (JRCALC, 2019) Treat the cause if possible The pain relief options are: psychological (e.g. reassurance, distraction) physical (e.g. dressing burns wound, splinting fracture) pharmacological (e.g. paracetamol, NSAID, morphine). ‘It’s just going to take the edge off your pain’ – good enough explanation? OFFICI AL Ambulance Guidelines – Pain Management (JRCALC, 2019) Simple analgesics: –paracetamol, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID), e.g. ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen. Opioids: –codeine, morphine. Miscellaneous: –Entonox, Methoxyflurane, ketamine, local anaesthetic blocks. OFFICI AL Placebo and Nocebo effect – Pain Assessment (Tracy, 2010) Phantom leg Placebo Nocebo OFFICI AL Summary Nociception is the physical signaling to the brain. Pain is the perception of the signal within the brain. This is in the context of psychological and social factors Called a Biopsychosocial interpretation of pain. Use a pain scoring system to interpret pain into a quantitative number which can inform treatment. Important to make a consideration of the patient’s understanding when asking the question. OFFICI AL Further reading: Find out the definitions of Acute and Chronic pain. Watch the video on the patients perception of chronic pain. Consider patients you have treated who are in pain and consider whether they had acute or chronic pain. Which aspects may be different in the treatment? OFFICI AL Learning Outcomes Define pain Understand anatomy and physiology of pain Demonstrate appropriate pain assessment