Pacific Explorations and Māori History

Study Notes

Hongi Hika of Ngāpuhi visited Britain in 1820 with Kendall and Waikato.
He acquired weapons to seek revenge against other iwi.
Hongi led war parties throughout the south from 1818 to 1827.
He initiated peace overtures and strategic inter-tribal marriages with Waikato in 1822.

The Declaration of Independence was signed on October 28th, 1835, at James Busby's home, by 34 chiefs.
The declaration asserted that mana (authority) and sovereign power in New Zealand resided fully with Māori.
It aimed to seek protection of British subjects in their territory and King William's protection against threats to their mana.
The need to protect the people and gain recognition as an entity for trade influenced the declaration.
It sought to reduce the risk of being seized by associating with Britain.
In 1831, 13 Ngāpuhi chiefs wrote to King William IV of the UK to seek an alliance and protection from other powers.

The Treaty of Waitangi was written by Busby and William Hobson, with Henry Williams translating.
It was written in Māori Te reo and English and signed in 1840.
500 Māori chiefs signed the Treaty, alongside representatives of the British crown.
It resulted in the British declaring sovereignty over New Zealand by Lieutenant Governor William Hobson in May 1840.
Women were not allowed to sign, although many held leadership roles in the North Island, conflicting with British gender roles.
Article 1 differs between the Māori and English versions:
- Māori: chiefs gave the queen Kawanatanga (governance) while maintaining their own governorship.
- English: chiefs gave the queen Sovereignty.
Article 2 differences:
- Māori: Guarantees of their lands, homes, and all their possessions.
- English: Guarantees full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates, Forests Fisheries and other properties for chiefs, their families, and individuals.
Article 3: The Queen extended her Royal protection to Natives and imparted to them all the rights and privileges of British subjects.

The Tribunal was established under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975.
It is based in Wellington and listens to grievances related to the Treaty of Waitangi.
It makes recommendations to the Government which are not binding.

James Busby: British Resident from 1833-1840, based in Waitangi. He acted as a conciliator between races and worked to prevent European outrage against Māori.
Hobson: Arrived in New Zealand on January 29th, 1840, at the Bay of Islands. He met with Busby, Charles Baker (a CMS missionary), and William Colenso (a printer from Paihia). He began drafting the treaty but suffered paralysis on February 2nd, preventing him from completing it.

Thomas Kendall started the first mission school in 1816.
"I _________ therefore I am" reflects Māori identity: Belong.
James Cook brought the potato to New Zealand.
Rua Kenana Hepetipa founded the 'millennial community' at Maunga-pōhatu.
The hakari at the end of the powhiri is an example of the whakanoa process.
Partnership, participation, and protection are the three Treaty principles upheld in Treaty of Waitangi settlements.
'The land of complications and temptations' could be seen as the reality for Pacific migrants who heard 'the land of milk and honey' promises to address New Zealand's labour shortage..
Te reo Māori became an official language of Aotearoa NZ in 1987.
During the wero, a warrior places a taki on the ground.
Te Ua Haumene was associated with the He Paimarie prophet movement.
Whanau, hapu, and iwi were involved in the 1980s initiatives to revitalise tikanga and te reo Māori within education.
The primary purpose of the wero is to determine the intentions of the manuhiri.
Take raupatu are land rights obtained through warfare.