Kupe's Voyage

Kupe's People

• The discovery of the islands is attributed by some to Kupe, who was hunting an octopus belonging to his enemy, Muturangi.
• The pursuit led from Hawaiki to the southern island.
• Kupe fatally wounded the octopus off the coast of Whakatū (Nelson).
• The 13-kilometer boulder bank near Nelson is seen as evidence of their struggle.
• Other accounts suggest Kupe's voyage was a deliberate search for the islands that were spoken of in Hawaiki.
• Kupe sailed in a waka named Matawhaorua, built with the help of his nephew Hoturapa.
• Kupe was accompanied by his wife Kuramarotini, son Tuputupu-whenua, daughters Matiu and Makaro, and 15 others from Hawaiki-rangi.
• The Matawhaorua required a crew of 25 and Kupe found the remaining crew at Pikopikoiwhiti, a village known for adventurers.
• Some say a second canoe, Tawhirirangi, captained by Te Ngake, accompanied Kupe.
• Kupe may have departed Hawaiki around the time when pīpīwharauroa (shining cuckoo) migrate south to New Zealand.
• Others suggest he sailed in November, following migrating humpbacks to Antarctica for their summer krill feast.
• The pīpīwharauroa were heading south with no webbed feet, Kupe likely sailed to Rarotonga, his father's home island, to resupply before sailing south.

Discovery of Aotearoa

• Matawhaorua first sighted land on the east coast of the northern island
• According to tribal traditions, the first sighting location varied between the Tai Tokerau and the Wairarapa.
• Kuramarotini identified a tell-tale stationary dull white convection cloud cover, a sign of a large forested land mass.
• The cloud was visible from 150 kilometers away, and Kuramarotini exclaimed, 'He ao! He ao! He Ao-tea-roa!' (A cloud! A cloud! A long white cloud!).
• Aotearoa became the name of the new land.
• Considerable debate exists on when the first Polynesians arrived in Aotearoa, who they were, and from where they came.
• Many tribes say Kupe was the first, but there were likely many Kupes from various islands in eastern Polynesia.
• Tohunga disagree on the number of generations since the first explorers.
• West coast traditions claim Kupe was the first explorer, while east coast traditions more often say it was Whātonga and his grandfather Toi Te Huatahi.
• Some believe Polynesians were already living there when Kupe and Whatonga arrived.
• Anthropologists and archaeologists suggest the first arrival occurred between AD 800 and 1300, with people coming from eastern Polynesia (Cook Islands or French Polynesia).
• Polynesian migration in the Pacific has been described as one of humanity's greatest feats.
• Kupe, Kuramarotini, and the crew of Matawhaorua named half the coastline of the northern island and much of the north coast of the southern island.
• Names like Te Mana o Kupe (Mana Island) and Matiu and Makaro (Somes and Ward islands) commemorated Kupe's pursuit of Muturangi's octopus.
• After staying for about 20 years, Kupe decided to return home.
• Before leaving, Kupe sacrificed his son Tuputupuwhenua to a freshwater spring called Te Puna-o-te-ao-mārama to ensure his whakapapa (descent line) would remain in Aotearoa.
• Tuputupuwhenua became the guardian spirit of the spring.
• The harbor where Kupe left has been named Hokianga.
• Kupe and Matawhaorua returned safely to Hawaiki.
• Later, Matawhaorua was re-adzed under the leadership of Kupe's grandson, Nukutawhiti, and renamed Ngātokimatawhaorua.
• Nukutawhiti traveled to settle Kupe's islands after having memorized the star path.
• More than 20 waka made the journey, bringing migrants from the tropics who brought kūmara, taro, yams, gourds, kiore (Pacific rat), and kurī (Polynesian dog), as well as their culture, science, and knowledge.
• Kinship was their defining value, connecting them to each other, the physical world, and the spiritual world.
• Hawaikians emphasized individual responsibility to the collective and valued human responsibility to nurture and care for the environment.
• Hawaikian ways had a significant impact on the land; the rapid extinction of megafauna and loss of forest cover were negative impacts.
• At some point, Hawaikian culture became Māori culture, adapting old technologies and inventing new ones.
• New ways to grow and store crops had to be found, because the single crop could only be harvested once a year.
• The culture became a partial and seasonally enforced hunter-gatherer culture.
• They found new names for plants and animals and the unique characteristics of each species.
• They created intricately carved ancestral houses to the height of the tōtara tree and the unique Māori spiral design inspired by the fern.
• Papa-tu-ā-nuku, the female Earth, took a stronger role and Tāne-māhuta assumed the senior position.
• Mātauranga Māori, the unique Māori way of viewing themselves and the world, developed and became recognizable.

Cook's People and Interactions

• The second wave of the people also discovered and settled more than one wave of islands
• Their stories of discovery and settling are more recognised in modern New Zealand.
• Those who had arrived the second time displaced those who had arrived before.
• The Europeans favoured the abstract lines on a paper to calculate abstract lines on a paper representation of the globe.
• Tasman, set sail in 1642 to find the unknown southern land.
• Tasman’s ship carried 110 men.
• Tasman first discovered Tasmania.
• The long coastline of this island stretched for 800kilometres.
• On 13 December 1642, the expedition landed Punakaiki
• In Mohua the expedition came into contact with Ngāti Tūmatakōkiri.
• The Māoroi obviously thought that the Europeans were a threat.
• Tasman killed a fourth European.
• Tasman only stayed long enough to name it 'Murderers’ Bay'.
• Te Ika ā Māui was the name that Māori called New Zealand.
• There was another warlike group of Māori men, probably Ngāti Kuri, near Cape Reinga.
• Tasman dubbed the group of islands the 'Three Kings'.
• A boat was sent to find fresh water but was showered with rocks sent down by fighting men.
• On 5 January 1643, the ships struck east again.
• At a later date, the name Nieuw-Zeeland was coined.
• Another 127 years would before there was another visit from Europe.
• The British soon became the primary force in the eighteenth century.
• The hope was that the power that its exploration and settlement might bring would beckon.
• The call of science was a thirst.
• Lieutenant James Cook would lead the expedition.
• The joint venture would be a joint venture between the Royal Society and the Royal Navy.
• They knew that the transit of Venus would occur on 3 June 1769.
• They would find the distance from the earth and the sun.
• They said the new nation to be based on the wealth of these islands as well as the partnership between the two cultures.
• Māori culture gave roots to what is now the pacific culture.
• Pākehā culture is what gave what is now the east its strong heritage.
• Bicultural fusion enables the culture to bond in a greater setting which leads to better values.
• There are no indications that tell if this will be diminished therefore the partnership will endure and evolve through time.
• The claim that the Māori said their identity was being ruled by outsiders too much.
• Some said that the flora and fauna that was part of their culture was being controlled so there was less identity.
• The Māori had to get permission from the crown to even be near their land.
• Māori and the State both had to be on the same page as one another, both benefiting
• Stripped of all the baggage that is what the real challenge poses.
• The Wai 262 is a claim lead by 6 groups.
• Mataranga Māori refers to who has the freedom to control their cuture and their knowledge.
• In summary of the text Wai 262 poses the problem of too many outsider rights.
• Some Maori people state that their symbols and languages were being taken and commercialised
• Government and large groups privatizing certain flora and fauna.