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Microprocessor System Introduction

• Lecture 2 introduces microprocessors, microcomputers, and microcontrollers.

CPU vs Processor vs Microprocessor

• The graphic poses a question about whether these terms describe the same thing.

Processor Core Function

• A processor performs operations.
• A processor is generally known as the "brain" of a computer.
• Typically used to describe a component of electronics hardware.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• CPU means "Central Processing Unit".
• The CPU typically controls the operation of the rest of the computer system.
• The CPU is a specific type of processor.
• All CPUs are processors, but not all processors are CPUs.

Microprocessor Defined

• A microprocessor is a CPU integrated onto a single chip.
• Is the circuitry which surrounds the CPU.
• Microprocessors are the most important unit within a computer system.
• Microprocessors facilitate instruction processing.
• Microprocessors perform a unique set of instructions and processes.
• Microprocessors use varying combinations of transistors.
• Microprocessors are composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of transistors.
• Microprocessors communicate and operate in Binary 0s and 1s, called BITS.
• A microprocessor has a fixed set of instructions in the form of a binary pattern called MACHINE LANGUAGE.
• The binary instructions are given Mnemonic abbreviated names (MNMLY).
• Microprocessors are generally classified according to:
  • The number of instructions they can process within a given time.
  • Their clock speed, measured in megahertz.
  • The number of bits used per instruction.

Microprocessor Applications

• Microprocessors come in two categories of applications:
  • Reprogrammable System: used for computing and data processing.
  • Embedded System: is a part of a final product and is not available for reprogramming.

Microcomputer

• A microcomputer is called a Personal Computer Digital Computer.
• Microcomputers are relatively inexpensive and small.
• Includes a microprocessor as its central working unit.
• A microcomputer consists of:
  • A microprocessor.
  • Memory.
  • Minimal input/output (I/O) circuitry mounted on a printed circuit board.

Microcontroller

• A microcontroller is a single chip that contains components such as:
  • CPU
  • RAM
  • ROM
  • I/O ports
  • Timers
• A microcontroller is designed to control a very specific task within a particular system.
• Microcontrollers also include all the components of general-purpose computers.

Microprocessor vs Microcontroller

• Microprocessors include a CPU and several supporting chips.
• Microcontrollers include a CPU all on a single chip.

Computer System Core

• The Microprocessor is the "Heart of Computer System"
• The Microcontroller is the "Heart of Embedded System"

MPU vs MCU

• MPU stands for Microprocessor Unit
• MCU stands for Microcontroller Unit
• MPU can only operate as a computing machine if external memory/I/O support
• MCU is an autonomous computing machine, including the necessary components(memory , micro core)
• MPU: Intended for general purposes
• MCU: Intended for control applications
• MPU features a high processing speed while the MCU has reduced speed but sufficent for specific tasks
• MPU load's operating program into main memory, usually the hard disk when needed
• MCU is usually has an operating program burned into ROM.
• MPU size - around 30x30x3 mm
• MCU Size - around is 7x7x3 mm
• The MPU contains only digital logic circuits.
• Meanwhile the MCU contains both digital and analog circuits.
• An MPU typically has a clock frequency of 1Ghz.
• A typical MCU has a lower clock frequency.
• MPUs are more expensive than MCUs; average for a microprocessor is around $70
• MPUs are most often used for the design of computers, such as laptops and desktops
• MCUs are most often used in the design of household appliances, automotive electronics

Microprocessor Evolution

• The microprocessor has evolved into millions of gadgets since 1971.
• The first commercial microprocessor, the Intel 4004, was specifically developed for the Busicom Corporation.
• The Intel 4004, was used in its calculators and the Busicom 141-PF, was the first product incorporating a microprocessor.

Significant Technologies Which Included Microprocessors

• 1971- The Unicom 141P Calculator was an early technology.
• 1978 - Microchip-controlled washing machines came into the market.
• 1981 - Osborne 1" laptop was invented with a 5" screen.
• 1980 - Pac-Man created a huge US craze
• 1986 - Gaming consoles were revitalised by consoles, like the Nintendo Entertainment System.
• 1997 - MP3 players changed way we listen to music
• 1999 - Blackberry smart phones where a hit
• 1991 - Wide range of desktops and laptops,
• 2002 - Microsoft Windows Tablets emerge
• 2001 - Apple iPod released
• 2008 - Netbooks lightweight and small
• 2010 - Apple iPad mainstream tablets
• 2011 - Intel Ultrabook mobile computer series
• 2001 - Digital Signage

Microprocessor Generations

First Generation (1971-1973)

• Microprocessors design using PMOS technology.
• PMOS technology Provides low cost and speed.
• PMOS has low and output currents and isn't compatible with TTL levels.
• Microprocessors are mainly 4-bit provided with 16 pin.
• In 1971, Intel Corporation introduced 4-bit 4004 at 108 kHz.
• The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor, co-developed by Busicom.
• Busicom was a Japanese manufacturer of calculators.
• In 1972, Intel made an 8-bit 8008.
• Other early microprocessors include:
  • Fairchild PPS-25.
  • Rockwell International PPS-4.
  • National Semiconductors IMP-16.
  • AMI 7200.

Second Generation (1973-1978)

• Employed newer semiconductor technology.
• The first and second generation's main distinction was newer semiconductor technology to fabricate the chips.
• Manufactured with NMOS technology.
• NMOS is faster and has more higher density than PMOS
• NMOS is TTL compatible.
• These generation CPUs begun to use efficient 8-bit microprocessors.
• Popular processors of the time included Motorola's 6800 and 6809, Intel's 8085, and Zilog's Z80.
• Included the ability to address more I/O ports.
• Second generation had large memory space and included a more powerful instruction set

Third Generation (1978-1980)

• 16-bit processors designed with HMOS tech.
• HMOS technology provides better speed and higher packing density than NMOS.
• Features physical memory space from 1 to 16MB.
• Processors have segmented addresses and virtual memory.
• In 1979 to 1980, Intel created the 8086/80186/80286.
• Also during this time Motorola developed the 68000 and 68010.
• 3rd Generation processing speeds are four times better than the 2nd Generation.
• Other processors include:
  • Other processors: Zilog Z8000
  • Texas instrument TMS99000

Fourth Generation (1980-1993)

• Fabricated using the lower power version of HMOS technology called HCMOS.
• These CPUs were 32 bit processors.
• Physical memory space of 16 MB
• Virtual memory space of 1 TB
• Utilized floating point hardware
• INTEL-80386 and Motorola's 68020/68030 emerged as popular processors

Fifth Generation 1993-Present

• Intel Pentium processor released in the year 1993 .
• A 32-bit and 64-bit processor
• Has wider clock cycles speeds from 60Mhz to 3.2 Ghz
• Processing increased due to semiconductor technology improvements

A Historical Timeline

• The intel 4004 launched in 1971, with a initial clock speed of 108 khz, 2300 transistors.
• The intel 8008 launched in 1972, with a initial clock speed of 200 khz, 3500 transistors.
• The intel 8080 launched in 1974, with a initial clock speed of 2 Mhz , 6000 transistors.
• The intel 8085 launched in 1976, with a initial clock speed of 5 Mhz , 6500 transistors.
• The intel 8086 launched in 1978, with a initial clock speed of 5 Mhz, 29,000 transistors.
• The intel 8088 launched in 1979, with a initial clock speed of 5 Mhz , 29,000 transistors.
• The intel 80286 launched in 1982, with a initial clock speed of 8 Mhz , 134,000 transistors.
• The intel 80386 launched in 1985, with a initial clock speed of 16 Mhz, 275,000 transistors.
• The intel 80486 launched in 1989, with a initial clock speed of 25 Mhz, 1.2 million transistors.
• The intel pentium launched in 1993, with a initial clock speed of 60 Mhz, 3.1 million transistors.
• The intel pentium pro launched in 1995, with a initial clock speed of 150 Mhz, 5.5 million transistors.
• The intel pentium II launched in 1997, with a initial clock speed of 233 Mhz, 8.8 million transistors.
• The intel pentium III launched in 1999, with a initial clock speed of 650 Mhz, 9.5 million transistors.
• The intel pentium 4 launched in 2000, with a initial clock speed of 1.4 Ghz, 42 million transistors.

Classifying Microprocessors

• Microprocessors can be classified based on factors such as:
  • Their architecture.
  • Their application specifications.
  • The size of the data they handle, from 4-bit to 64-bit.
  • Their intended purpose
  • General purpose processors
• Special purpose processors

General Purpose Microprocessors

• These processors can be used in general computer systems.
• Designed to be used by the programmer for any application integration.

Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)

• CISC processors have about 70 to a few hundred instructions.
• CISC models are easier to program.
• CISC processors are slower/more expensive than RISC processors.
• Major characteristics of CISC processors:
  • Large number of instructions.
  • Some instructions perform specialized tasks.
  • Variety of addressing modes.
  • Variable length instruction formats.
  • Instructions that manipulate control.
  • Require multiple cycles to execute a single set of instructions

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)

• Has limited machine language instructions.
• RISC processors can execute programs faster than CISC.
• Major Characteristics:
  • Simple instruction set
  • Relatively few instructions.
  • Relatively few addressing modes.
  • Memory access limited to load and store instructions. -All operations performed with CPU registers rather than directly in memory
  • Fixed-length, easily-decoded instructions.
  • Many registers in the processing unit.
  • Overlapped register windows to to speed up procedures and calls.
  • Efficient instruction pipeline (overlapping stages of execution for multiple instructions).
  • Compiler support for efficient translation of high-level languages into machine language. Examples:
  • Power PC: 601, 604, 615, 620, and 630
  • DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066 and 2II068
  • MIPS: TS (R10000) -PA-RISC: HP 7I00LC

Superscalar Processors

• They simulate the hardware on the processor.
• Used for various tasks at a single moment of time.
• Useful for ALUs or multipliers.
• Feature operational units and carry out multiple commands at a time within a set of instructions in the extra.

Special Purpose Microprocessors

• Application Specific Integrated Circuit
• Designed primarily within customized build
• the integrated system with system's
• found primarily in customized embedded systems.

Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)

• Used to to encode and decode the videos or to convert the D/A (digital to analog) &A/D (analog to digital).
• DSPs require advanced mathematical calculation capabilities.
• The chips of can be inside employed in RADAR, home theaters, SONAR, audio gears, TV set-top boxes and Mobile phones

Microprocessor Specifications

• Specification are needed to classify type of CPU
  • bus speed
  • amount of cache
  • general performance.
  • External and Internal Data Bus.
  • Cache Memory.
  • Speed of Clock.
  • Millions of instructions per second (MIPS).