Introduction to Microprocessor: Lecture Notes

Microprocessor System Lecture 2: Introduction to Microprocessor, Microcomputer and Microcontroller Engr. Alexander Aquino , PCpE College of Engineering | Computer Engineering | Bulacan What is the difference CPU between PROCESSOR MICROPROCE SSOR 2 What is a Processor ? A proc...

Microprocessor System Lecture 2: Introduction to Microprocessor, Microcomputer and Microcontroller Engr. Alexander Aquino , PCpE College of Engineering | Computer Engineering | Bulacan What is the difference CPU between PROCESSOR MICROPROCE SSOR 2 What is a Processor ? A processor is generally known as the “brain” of a computer. 3 What is a Processor ? A processor is generally known as the “brain” of a computer. 4 What is a Processor ? A processor is generally known as the “brain” of a computer. 5 What is a Processor ?The word “processor” means, as the name suggests, something which can process something. The term is usually used in the context of electronics hardware, to describe a 6 What is a Processor ? 7 What is a CPU ? “CPU” means “Central Processing Unit”, which is a certain type of processor. the CPU is the central processor in a computer system, which basically controls the rest of the system, besides doing its own 8 All CPUs are processors, but not all processors are CPUs! 9 What is a Microprocessor Microprocessor is the ? circuitry which surrounds the CPU A microprocessor (μP) is a Central Processing Unit (CPU) integrated on a single chip 10 What is a Microprocessor A microprocessor is the ? most important unit within a computer system and is responsible for processing the unique set of instructions and processes. 11 What is a Microprocessor A microprocessor is ? composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of transistors which function as switches. Using various combinations of these transistors, the microprocessor performs 12 What is a - Communicates and Microprocessor operates in Binary 0 ? and 1 called BITS - Has a fixed set of instructions in the form of binary pattern called a MACHINE LANGUAGE - Binary are given abbreviated names LANGUA 13 What is a Microprocessor Microprocessors are ? generally classified according to the number of instructions they can process within a given time, their clock speed measured in megahertz and the number of bits used per instruction. 14 Microprocessor Applications TWO CATEGORIES: Reprogrammable System The microprocessor is used for computing and data processing. Embedded System The microprocessor is a part of final product and is not available for reprogramming to the end user What is a Microcomputer Microcomputer also ? called PERSONAL COMPUTER DIGITAL COMPUTER A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a 16 What is a Microcomputer It includes a ? microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output (I/O) circuitry mounted on a single printed circuit board. 17 What is a Microcomputer ? 18 What is a Microcontroller A highly integrated chip? that contains all the components such as CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers 19 What is a Microcontroller Unlike a general- ? purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task to control a particular system. 20 MICROPROCE SSOR VS. MICROCONTR OLLER FABRIK 2 MICROPROCE SSORVS. MICROCONTR OLLER FABRIK  MICROPROCESS OR Heart of Computer System MICROCONTROLLE R Heart of Embedded System FABRIK 2 MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR LER FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR LER FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR LER FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR Size LER A microprocessor is often much larger than a microcontroller. A microprocessor typically has a width, length and height of about 30x30x3 mm. And a microcontroller typically FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR LER Circuit A microprocessor includes only the digital logic circuit. A microcontroller contains digital electronic circuits and analog circuits. FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR Speed LER The microprocessors operate at a speed (clock frequency) much higher than a microcontroller. A typical microprocessor has a clock frequency of 1GHz, but a typical FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR Price LER Microprocessors are much more expensive than microcontrollers. A microprocessor average price is about $ 70.00. However, the microcontroller costs FABRIK MICROPROCES MICROCONTROL SOR Applications LER A microprocessor is most often used for design of computers, such as laptops and desktops. But microcontrollers are most often used in the design of household FABRIK Evolution of Microproce ssor Evolution of Microprocessor Microprocessor has turned into the brain of millions of gadgets, since year 1971 34 Evolution of Microprocessor Evolution of Microprocessor Evolution of Microprocessor Evolution of Microprocessor Evolution of Microprocessor Generation of Microprocessor Microprocessors were categorized into five generation Second Generati on Microproces First Fourth sor (1973 – Fifth Generation Generation 1978) Generation Microproces Microproces Microprocess sor (1971 – sor (1980– or (1993 – 1973) Third 1993) Present) Generation Microproces sor (1978 – 1980) First Generation Microprocessors (1971- 1973) They were design using PMOS technology This technology provide low cost, slow speed and low output currents and not compatible with TTL levels. The microprocessor are mainly 4-bit provided with 16 pin First Generation Microprocessors (1971- 1973) Intel Corporation introduced 4-bit 4004 at 108 kHz, the first microprocessor in 1971, co- developed by Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of calculators. In 1972, Intel made the 8- bit 8008 First Generation Microprocessors (1971- 1973) Fairchild PPS-25 Rockwell international PPS-4 National semiconductors IMP-16 AMI 7200 Second Generation Microprocessors (1973- 1978) The distinction between the first and second generation devices was primarily the use of newer semiconductor technology to fabricate the chips. Manufactured with NMOS technology The NMOS technology offers faster speed and higher density than PMOS Second Generation Microprocessors (1973- 1978) The second generation marked the beginning of very efficient 8 – bit microprocessors. Some of the popular processors were Motorola’s 6800 and 6809 and Intel’s 8085, Zilog’s Z80. Second Generation Microprocessors (1973- 1978) It has the ability to address more than I/O ports It has large memory space than the first generation microprocessor More powerful instruction set Third Generation Microprocessors (1978- 1980) During this period 16 bit processors were created and designed using HMOS technology. The HMOS technology offers better speed power product (SPP) and higher packing density than NMOS Physical Memory space is from 1 to 16MB The processor has a segmented addresses and virtual memory Third Generation Microprocessors (1978- 1980) From 1979 to 1980, INTEL 8086/80186/80286 and Motorola 68000 and 68010 were developed. Speeds of those processors were four times better than the 2nd generation processors. Other processor: Zilog Z8000, Texas instrument TMS99000 Fourth Generation Microprocessors (1980- 1993) A 32-bit processor It is fabricated using the lower power version of the HMOS technology called HCMOS. Physical memory space of 16 MB. Virtual memory space of 1 TB. Floating point hardware is incorporated INTEL-80386 and Motorola’s 68020/68030 were the Fifth Generation Microprocessors (1993 - Present) Intel Pentium processor released in the year 1993 A 32-bit and 64-bit processor It is available in wide range of clock cycles speeds from 60Mhz to 3.2 Ghz With improvement in semiconductor technology the processing speed of microprocessor has been increased tremendously. Classification of Microprocessor Microprocessors can be classified based on their purpose, architecture, specifications and applications. Based on the size of the data that the microprocessor can handle, they are classified as 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64- bit microprocessors. Based on the Purpose of the processors, they are classified as (1)General purpose processors, General Purpose Microprocessor General purpose processors are those which are used in general computer system integration and can be used by the programmer for any application. Special Purpose Microprocessor Special purpose processors are designed specifically to General Purpose Microprocessor Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors CISC processors have about 70 to few hundred instructions and are easier to program. CISC processors are slower and more expensive than General Purpose Microprocessor Complex Instruction Set Microprocessors Major characteristics of a CISC processors are: Large number of instruction Some instructions that perform specialized tasks Variety of addressing modes Variable length instruction formats Instructions that manipulate control General Purpose Microprocessor Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessors Reduced Instruction Set Architecture’, is a processor architecture that supports limited or small number of machine language instructions. RISC processors can execute the General Purpose Microprocessor Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessors The major characteristics of a RISC processors are: Relatively few instructions Relatively few addressing modes Memory access limited to load and store instructions All operations done within the registers of the CPU General Purpose Microprocessor Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessors The major characteristics of a RISC processors are: Relatively large number of registers in the processing unit Use of overlapped register windows to speedup procedure, call and return Efficient instruction pipeline Compiler support for efficient translation of high level language programs into machine language programs General Purpose Microprocessor Reduced Instruction Set Microprocessors Some popular RISC processors are: Power PC: 601, 604, 615, 620 DEC Alpha: 210642, 211066, 21068, 21164 MIPS: TS (R10000) RISC Processor PA-RISC: HP 7100LC General Purpose Microprocessor Superscalar Microprocessors Superscalar processor facsimiles the hardware on the processor to perform various tasks at a time. These processors can be used for ALUs or multipliers. They have different operational units and these processors can carry out more than a one command by continuously transmitting several instructions to the extra operational units inside the processor. Special Purpose Microprocessor The Application Specific Integrated Circuit The short term of Application Specific Integrated Circuit processor is an ASIC. These processors is an integrated circuit (IC) customized for a particular use is found primarily in embedded systems customized for a specific purpose. The first ASICs were Special Purpose Microprocessor Digital Signal Multiprocessors Digital signal processors are also called as DSP’s, these processors are used to encode and decode the videos or to convert the D/A (digital to analog) &A/D (analog to digital). They need a microprocessor that is excellent in mathematical calculations. The chips of this processor are employed in RADAR, home theaters, SONAR, audio gears, TV Microprocessor Specifications External and Internal Data Bus Cache Memory Speed of Clock Millions of instructions per second (MIPS)