Overview of the Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary responses and reflexes?

  • Central Nervous System
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Peripheral Nervous System
  • Somatic Nervous System (correct)

    • The autonomic nervous system only controls voluntary actions.

    False

    What are the two main divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System?

    Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

    The _____ nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord.

    <p>Central</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the components of the Nervous System with their functions:

    <p>Motor Neurons = Transmitting signals from the CNS to muscles Sensory Neurons = Transmitting sensory information to the CNS Sympathetic Nervous System = Preparing body for stress or emergency Parasympathetic Nervous System = Restoring body to calm, resting state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Cardiac Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Somatic nerves are myelinated, providing faster signal transmission.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Schwann cells?

    <p>They are responsible for myelinating axons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is associated with 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for adrenaline-like actions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one neurotransmitter involved in the function of the autonomic nervous system.

    <p>Acetylcholine or Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ nervous system conserves body energy and controls routine maintenance functions.

    <p>parasympathetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the receptors with their associated system:

    <p>Nicotinic = Cholinergic System 𝛃1 = Adrenergic System M2 = Muscarinic System 𝛂1 = Adrenergic System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is primarily involved in the actions of norepinephrine?

    <p>Adrenergic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acetylcholine binds to both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>To prepare the body for activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system is responsible for increased heart rate and release of epinephrine into the bloodstream?

    <p>Sympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The parasympathetic nervous system increases the filtration rate of the kidneys.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on bladder sphincter during stress?

    <p>Contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system primarily causes __________ of the vascular smooth muscle.

    <p>variable response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following actions with the corresponding nervous system response:

    <p>Erection = Parasympathetic Nervous System Increased sweat gland activity = Sympathetic Nervous System Ejaculation = Sympathetic Nervous System Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle = Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the pupil?

    <p>Dilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sympathetic nervous system decreases the heart rate.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the autonomic nervous system increases gastrointestinal tract motility?

    <p>Parasympathetic Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ gland receives no innervation from the parasympathetic nervous system.

    <p>suprarenal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs with their sympathetic nervous system responses:

    <p>Pupil = Dilation Heart = Increased rate and blood pressure Salivary glands = High in viscosity Gastrointestinal tract = Decreased motility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the lens of the eye?

    <p>Increased curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Most effector targets receive innervation from either the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous systems but not both.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one exception to dual innervation in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

    <p>Sweat glands or smooth muscle in blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nervous System Overview

    • The nervous system has anatomical divisions: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • Neural systems include sensory, motor, and associative systems

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • The peripheral nervous system consists of somatic and autonomic systems
    • Somatic system involves voluntary responses and reflexes
    • Autonomic system regulates involuntary actions, such as in cardiac muscle or smooth muscle

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • The ANS has sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
    • Sympathetic "fight-or-flight" response
    • Parasympathetic "rest-and-digest" response
    • The ANS maintains homeostasis (balance)
    • The ANS's role is crucial for stress response and coordinating reproduction, working with the endocrine system

    Somatic Nervous System (SNS)

    • The SNS facilitates voluntary movements and reflexes
    • It contains sensory inputs and motor outputs
    • SNS pathways involve multiple structures like neuron pools and circuit integration in the brainstem, spinal cord, and other structures
    • The process involves myelinated axons that conduct signals quickly and Schwann cells for myelinization, allowing quick signals to travel long distances

    Autonomic Neurotransmitters

    • Acetylcholine acts as a neurotransmitter at preganglionic and postganglionic synapses in both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, having varying effects depending on the receptor type
    • Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine (a key neurotransmitter)
    • Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons utilize acetylcholine

    Cholinergic Receptors

    • Nicotinic receptors are ligand-gated cation channels found in neuromuscular junctions and autonomic ganglia
    • Muscarinic receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors found in target tissues for parasympathetic postganglionic signals
    • Acetylcholine binding causes changes in target cells

    Adrenergic Receptors

    • The ANS releases norepinephrine that targets adrenergic receptors which are G-protein coupled receptor types
    • The alpha-adrenergic & beta-adrenergic receptors have subtype differentiation

    Dual Innervation

    • Most effector targets receive innervation from both sympathetic and parasympathetic.
    • Effects are often antagonistic (opposite).

    Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Responses (Specific examples)

    • Pupil: Parasympathetic constricts, Sympathetic dilates.
    • Lens: Parasympathetic focuses near, Sympathetic focuses far.
    • Heart: Parasympathetic slows HR, Sympathetic speeds HR.
    • Salivary glands: Parasympathetic = serous, Sympathetic = high viscosity.
    • Gastrointestinal tract: Parasympathetic = increased motility, Sympathetic = decreased motility.
    • Liver: Parasympathetic = increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis, Sympathetic = increased glycogen production.
    • Suprarenal gland: Parasympathetic = no innervation. Sympathetic = increased epinephrine release.
    • Kidneys: Parasympathetic = increased filtration rate, Sympathetic = decreased filtration rate.
    • Bladder: Parasympathetic = relaxation of sphincter, contraction of detrusor. Sympathetic = contraction of sphincter
    • Male genitalia: Parasympathetic = erection, Sympathetic = ejaculation
    • Vascular smooth muscle: Parasympathetic = relaxation, Sympathetic = variable.
    • Arteries to skeletal muscle: Parasympathetic = no innervation, Sympathetic = dilation.
    • Sweat glands: Parasympathetic = no innervation, Sympathetic = increased activity.
    • Veins: Parasympathetic = no innervation, Sympathetic = variable, based on neurotransmitter
    • Tonic activity: Sympathetic = positive (vasoconstriction), Parasympathetic = positive (normal heart rate)

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    Peripheral Nervous System PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the essential features of the nervous system, including its main divisions such as the central and peripheral nervous systems. Learn about the autonomic nervous system's sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, as well as the role of the somatic nervous system in voluntary actions. Test your understanding of how these systems interact to maintain homeostasis and respond to various stimuli.

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