Podcast
Questions and Answers
The influx of ______ is extremely rapid because the gradient is large
The influx of ______ is extremely rapid because the gradient is large
Na+
K+ channels open at ______ mV
K+ channels open at ______ mV
30
The efflux of ______ is extremely rapid due to the large gradient
The efflux of ______ is extremely rapid due to the large gradient
K+
The maximum membrane potential reaches ______ mV
The maximum membrane potential reaches ______ mV
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The Na+ / K+ pump helps reset the resting membrane ______
The Na+ / K+ pump helps reset the resting membrane ______
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Virtually all sensory systems have a sensory cell type which releases __________ when activated.
Virtually all sensory systems have a sensory cell type which releases __________ when activated.
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Sweet taste buds detect __________ and other molecules that bind to a 'sweet' receptor.
Sweet taste buds detect __________ and other molecules that bind to a 'sweet' receptor.
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The cell body of a nerve cell acts as a sensory cell gathering info from __________.
The cell body of a nerve cell acts as a sensory cell gathering info from __________.
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Information travels much longer distances in __________ than across cell body or synapse.
Information travels much longer distances in __________ than across cell body or synapse.
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The release of neurotransmitters occurs at __________, where information transfer is very quick.
The release of neurotransmitters occurs at __________, where information transfer is very quick.
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An increase in stimulus on sensory cells increases the __________ potential.
An increase in stimulus on sensory cells increases the __________ potential.
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Stretch receptors detect change in __________ length.
Stretch receptors detect change in __________ length.
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Nerve impulse transmission is facilitated by the role of __________ channels.
Nerve impulse transmission is facilitated by the role of __________ channels.
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Nerve impulses can travel at a speed of up to ______ Km/h.
Nerve impulses can travel at a speed of up to ______ Km/h.
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Graded potentials can increase membrane potential to ______ mV.
Graded potentials can increase membrane potential to ______ mV.
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The speed of nerve impulses is approximately ______ times faster than diffusion.
The speed of nerve impulses is approximately ______ times faster than diffusion.
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Copper wire transmits signals at a speed of ______ Km/h.
Copper wire transmits signals at a speed of ______ Km/h.
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At ______ mV, sodium channels begin to open.
At ______ mV, sodium channels begin to open.
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The speed of nerve impulse transmission can be approximated as ______ m/s.
The speed of nerve impulse transmission can be approximated as ______ m/s.
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The resting membrane potential (RMP) is typically around ______ mV.
The resting membrane potential (RMP) is typically around ______ mV.
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Nerve impulses take ______ /100 of a second to travel 1 meter.
Nerve impulses take ______ /100 of a second to travel 1 meter.
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Na+ and K+ channels that are involved in action potentials are ______-gated.
Na+ and K+ channels that are involved in action potentials are ______-gated.
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The spinal cord facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses from the toe to the ______.
The spinal cord facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses from the toe to the ______.
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During action potentials, rapid changes in membrane potential can reach up to ______ mV.
During action potentials, rapid changes in membrane potential can reach up to ______ mV.
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Diffusion travels at a speed of only ______ Km/h.
Diffusion travels at a speed of only ______ Km/h.
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Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that can lead to ______ potentials.
Graded potentials are changes in membrane potential that can lead to ______ potentials.
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Inside the neuron at rest, the membrane is ______ relative to the outside.
Inside the neuron at rest, the membrane is ______ relative to the outside.
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Nerve impulses take ______ seconds to travel 1 meter.
Nerve impulses take ______ seconds to travel 1 meter.
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Nerve impulse speed can be compared to ______ speeds of electrical signals.
Nerve impulse speed can be compared to ______ speeds of electrical signals.
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The initial change from resting to action potential is primarily due to ______ influx.
The initial change from resting to action potential is primarily due to ______ influx.
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The voltage at which Na+ channels open is a key factor in triggering ______ potentials.
The voltage at which Na+ channels open is a key factor in triggering ______ potentials.
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The measurement unit used to express nerve impulse speed is ______.
The measurement unit used to express nerve impulse speed is ______.
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A graded potential must reach ______ mV to trigger the opening of Na+ channels.
A graded potential must reach ______ mV to trigger the opening of Na+ channels.
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The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around ______ mV.
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is typically around ______ mV.
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Low frequency of action potentials indicates that the stimulus is ______ enough.
Low frequency of action potentials indicates that the stimulus is ______ enough.
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A medium frequency of action potentials is often described as ______ right.
A medium frequency of action potentials is often described as ______ right.
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A high frequency of action potentials can be characterized as ______ sweet.
A high frequency of action potentials can be characterized as ______ sweet.
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Action potentials are defined as small identical electrical changes in individual parts of a ______.
Action potentials are defined as small identical electrical changes in individual parts of a ______.
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Neurotransmitters play a critical role at ______, allowing communication between neurons.
Neurotransmitters play a critical role at ______, allowing communication between neurons.
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Graded potentials can work by ______, involving the diffusion of ions.
Graded potentials can work by ______, involving the diffusion of ions.
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The time it takes for ions to achieve 99% equilibrium across a distance of 0.1 µm is approximately ______ seconds.
The time it takes for ions to achieve 99% equilibrium across a distance of 0.1 µm is approximately ______ seconds.
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A typical cell can achieve equilibrium at a distance of 10 µm in about ______ seconds.
A typical cell can achieve equilibrium at a distance of 10 µm in about ______ seconds.
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The longest nerve, measuring 1,000,000 µm, can take about ______ seconds to reach equilibrium.
The longest nerve, measuring 1,000,000 µm, can take about ______ seconds to reach equilibrium.
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Study Notes
Overview of Nervous System
- Sensory cells receive information from the environment, muscle stretch receptors, and internal environment and use it to make decisions
- The nervous system has three types of neurons: Sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
Sensory Cells
- Sensory cells release neurotransmitters when activated
- Sensory cells detect different stimuli, including:
- Sweet taste buds detect glucose molecules
- Salt taste buds detect Na+ ions in saliva
- Visual receptors detect photons of light
- Stretch receptors detect change in muscle length
Graded Potentials
- Graded potentials are generated in sensory cells
- The strength of the stimulus determines the magnitude of the membrane potential change
- Graded potentials travel short distances by diffusion
Action Potentials
- Action potentials are generated in axons
- Action potentials are small, identical electrical changes
- Action potentials travel long distances in axons
- Action potentials can travel at up to 100 metres/second
- Action potentials are triggered when the membrane potential reaches -55mV, known as the decision point
- The action potential peak is reached at +30mV, where the membrane potential is reversed
- The sodium-potassium pump helps reset the resting membrane potential to -70mV
- Action potentials propagate in one direction due to inactivation of sodium channels behind the action potential
- Myelin sheaths can increase the speed of action potential propagation
Synaptic Transmission
- Neurotransmitters are released at synapses
- Neurotransmitters travel short distances by diffusion
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on postsynaptic cells
- The frequency of action potentials determines the amount of neurotransmitter released at the synapse
Important Facts
- Diffusion times increase with distance
- The speed of action potentials is faster than diffusion and copper wire, but slower than light
- Local anesthetics block sodium channels, preventing the generation of action potentials
- Neurotoxins can interfere with neurotransmitter release, blocking signals in the nervous system
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamental aspects of the nervous system, including sensory cells, graded potentials, and action potentials. You will learn about the various types of neurons and how they function to transmit information. Test your knowledge on sensory receptors and their role in processing stimuli.
