Overview of Nasal Congestion and Allergic Rhinitis

<p>$3.4 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>52.5 days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased appetite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Producing vasoconstriction in the nasal mucosa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risk of systemic absorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Possesses mixed activity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal obstruction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Direct-acting decongestants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Displacing norepinephrine from storage vesicles (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>33% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diminished response to repeated exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sleep disturbances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acting as an inflammatory mediator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asthma (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impaired ability to smell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute rhinosinusitis is characterized by symptoms lasting less than 4 weeks, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts 12 weeks or longer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viral infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, and lymphocytes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excess production of mucus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autoimmune rhinitis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of histamine and proteases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>More than 12% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases nasal airflow due to swelling and inflammation of the nasal mucosa (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden onset of fever (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Work absence and medical expenditures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proinflammatory interleukins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased eosinophil infiltration is significantly negatively correlated with nasal airflow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They cause vascular leakage and stimulate nerves in the nasal mucosa. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of antibodies against the specific antigen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 billion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Viruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mucosal inflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exposure to allergens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Every day or on most days (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>52.5 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal polyposis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mast cell degranulation triggers the release of proinflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes, which directly contribute to the early-phase inflammatory response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neutrophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The immune system becomes primed with repeated exposure, potentially leading to a heightened allergic response and worsening symptoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A buildup of inflammatory cells within the nasal mucosa, leading to swelling and blockage of the sinuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The prolonged duration of symptoms and the need for recurrent treatment, especially in cases of chronic rhinosinusitis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The virus triggers an inflammatory response that persists even after the infection has cleared, contributing to rhinosinusitis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sinusitis or rhinosinusitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They bind directly to adrenergic receptors, stimulating vasoconstriction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Development of tachyphylaxis, leading to diminished effectiveness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One out of three individuals with chronic rhinosinusitis may have nasal polyposis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They obstruct the flow of air through the nasal passages by physically hanging down and swaying. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Congestion is a symptom associated with nasal polyposis, caused by inflammation processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The specific location of the inflammatory response in the nasal passages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of heart disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Improved airflow through the nasal passages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical oxymetazoline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restlessness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phenylephrine oral tablets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stimulating α-adrenergic receptors, causing vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxymetazoline, topical (nasal) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased levels of serotonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vascular leakage and engorgement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased infiltration of neutrophils and T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute rhinosinusitis has a symptom duration of fewer than 4 weeks, while chronic rhinosinusitis lasts 12 weeks or longer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased levels of acetylcholine in the nasal mucosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged inflammation with eosinophil infiltration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It disrupts sleep patterns, resulting in sleep fragmentation, reduced sleep time, and reduced sleep quality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergic and immunologic causes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Work absenteeism and reduced productivity resulting from the condition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reduced airflow or obstruction in the nasal passages often due to inflammation.

Swelling of nasal tissues causing obstruction, often seen in allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis.

The most common atopic condition causing nasal congestion, affecting 14% to 60% of the U.S. population.

Patients with allergic rhinitis lose about 3.57 workdays and 2.3 hours of productivity annually due to symptoms.

In 2003, allergic rhinitis cost the U.S. $3.4 billion in direct medical expenses.

Patient improvements reported with treatment for allergic rhinitis include better quality of life and reduced symptoms.

Common symptoms include nasal congestion, fatigue, mood changes, and cognitive impairment affecting daily life.

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) binds to mast cells, triggering their degranulation during an allergic response.

Substances like leukotrienes and histamine released during early allergic reactions causing inflammation.

A type of white blood cell involved in the late-phase allergic response, contributing to inflammation.

Inflammation of the nasal passages and paranasal sinuses, can be infectious or noninfectious.

Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, a key cytokine that promotes inflammation in allergic responses.

Non-allergic rhinitis caused by environmental factors such as temperature or humidity changes.

A form of rhinitis often related to hormonal changes, such as those during pregnancy.

An inflammation of the sinuses and nasal cavity lasting fewer than 4 weeks, often due to microorganisms.

Signaling molecules that play a key role in inflammation and causing congestion in rhinosinusitis.

Elevated proteins in viral rhinosinusitis causing vascular leakage and nasal nerve stimulation.

A viral upper respiratory infection frequently causing acute rhinosinusitis, with 1 billion cases annually in the U.S.

Sinus inflammation lasting 12 weeks or longer, may have non-infectious causes and various symptoms.

Includes nasal blockage, discharge, facial pain, and reduced smell, indicating prolonged sinus issues.

Rhinosinusitis is one of the top costly conditions, impacting productivity and leading to high medical costs.

A chronic inflammatory disease affecting the upper airway, with unclear causes affecting about 4% of the population.

Chronic congestion can lead to sleep-disordered breathing and daytime fatigue due to poor sleep quality.

White blood cells that infiltrate during acute rhinosinusitis, contributing to the inflammation process.

Decongestants that have both direct and indirect activity, effective for congestion relief.

Can cause elevated blood pressure, tachycardia, anxiety, and other symptoms due to sympathomimetic activity.

A topical decongestant that reduces nasal congestion by stimulating α-adrenergic receptors, with effects lasting up to 12 hours.

Should be avoided in patients with hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, and prostate disease due to potential adverse reactions.

Decongestants applied in the nose that are less absorbed systemically and primarily cause local irritation.

Small sacs filled with cellular fluid formed from nasal mucous membrane.

Long-term inflammation of the nasal and sinus mucosa leading to nasal blockage.

Common symptoms include nasal obstruction, discharge, and impaired sense of smell.

White blood cells that are highly present in allergic and nonallergic nasal polyps.

Medications that directly stimulate adrenergic receptors to relieve congestion.

Medications, like ephedrine, that displace norepinephrine to relieve nasal congestion.

Diminished response to a drug after repeated doses.

These toxins are implicated in the pathophysiology of nasal polyposis.

Nasal congestion can negatively affect sleep quality and daily activities.

Approximately 30 million Americans have chronic rhinosinusitis, with one-third having nasal polyps.

Common complaints include reduced airflow, fullness, and obstruction in the nose.

Mucosal inflammation, increased venous blood flow, and nasal tissue edema lead to nasal congestion.

Allergic rhinitis affects 14% to 60% of the U.S. population, making it very common.

In 2003, costs of allergic rhinitis in the U.S. were reported at $3.4 billion.

Patients with allergic rhinitis miss an average of 3.57 workdays per year.

Medications like antihistamines improve quality of life for allergic rhinitis sufferers.

Nasal congestion can worsen in patients with obstructive sleep apnea during CPAP use.

Signaling molecules that contribute to congestion in rhinosinusitis by promoting inflammation.

Elevated proteins causing vascular leakage and stimulation of nasal nerves leading to symptoms.

Congestion is due to increased infiltration of neutrophils and T cells during infection.

Sinus inflammation lasting 12 weeks or longer, may be non-infectious in nature.

Includes nasal blockage, obstruction, discharge, facial pain, and reduced sense of smell.

Rhinosinusitis costs the U.S. significantly due to medical expenses and lost workdays.

Chronic inflammatory disease affecting about 4% of the population with unclear causes.

Chronic congestion leads to sleep problems like fragmented sleep and daytime fatigue.

Common cause of acute rhinosinusitis with over 1 billion cases annually in the U.S.

A prolonged inflammatory response involving cellular infiltration after initial exposure to an allergen.

The accumulation of immune cells in tissues leading to sustained inflammation in allergic responses.

White blood cells that contribute to inflammation in allergic rhinitis, correlating negatively with airflow.

A cytokine that promotes inflammation and is involved in the allergic response mechanisms.

A state where the nasal mucosa becomes more reactive and sensitive to allergens due to repeated exposure.

Conditions causing nasal symptoms without IgE involvement, such as vasomotor or hormonal rhinitis.

Inflammation of the nasal passages and sinuses caused by infections and other noninfectious factors.

Viral infections can lead to prolonged symptoms of rhinosinusitis, even after the virus is gone.

A viral infection that often initiates acute rhinosinusitis, exacerbating nasal symptoms.

Medications that relieve nasal congestion through various mechanisms.

Stimulation of adrenergic receptors leading to increased cardiovascular activity.

A topical decongestant that acts within 25 seconds and lasts up to 12 hours.

Potential negative reactions include hypertension, anxiety, and insomnia.

Nasal polyps form due to chronic inflammatory rhinosinusitis, appearing as small sacs in the nasal passages.

Patients with nasal polyposis experience nasal obstruction, discharge, and impaired smell.

Inflammatory processes cause swelling (edema) in nasal passages, similar to allergic reactions.

Eosinophils are white blood cells that are abundant in both allergic and non-allergic nasal polyposis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyposis differ in T-cell response patterns.

Toxins from Staphylococcus aureus are involved in the pathophysiology of nasal polyposis.

Congestion from nasal issues affects sleep, taste, smell, and daily activities for many patients.

Decongestants work by stimulating alpha receptors to constrict blood vessels and reduce swelling.

Direct-acting decongestants bind to adrenergic receptors; indirect-acting displace norepinephrine.

Tachyphylaxis is a reduced response to a drug after repeated use, especially in decongestants.