Overview of Dual Process Theories
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Questions and Answers

Dual process theories divide mental processes into which two categories?

  • explicit and implicit
  • fast and slow
  • conscious and subconscious
  • automatic and controlled (correct)

Early models of dual process theories focused on general principles rather than specific phenomena.

False (B)

What do formalized models use to analyze the joint contributions of automatic and controlled processes?

Mathematical techniques

Which model emphasizes the role of cognitive effort in adjusting initial judgments?

<p>Three-Stage Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the MODE Model examine?

<p>how motivation and opportunity affect attitude-behavior relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Dissociation Model suggests that stereotypes are activated automatically but can be rejected through effortful control.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main insight of the weapon bias research?

<p>Even well-intentioned individuals can exhibit biases unintentionally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a characteristic of System 1 processing?

<p>Intuitive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Process Dissociation measure?

<p>The relative contributions of automatic and controlled processes in tasks with opposing influences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some examples of applications of dual process theories?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key criticism of relying solely on conceptual frameworks in dual process research?

<p>Lack of novel empirical predictions</p> Signup and view all the answers

Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP) is based on the phenomenon of ______ transfer, where people unintentionally project their feelings from the prime onto the target.

<p>affective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a key concept in AMP?

<p>Cognitive Load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

AMP is a purely conscious process.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the AMP?

<p>To measure implicit attitudes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

AMP findings suggest that priming effects are easily eliminated by providing warnings or increasing the time between the prime and the target.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Experiment 6 in AMP research demonstrated that highly motivated participants showed a mismatch between their explicit and implicit racial attitudes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key reason why AMP works?

<p>AMP taps into quick, automatic evaluations that are hard to control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

AMP measurements are typically made using conscious, self-reported measures.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key lesson learned from the AMP regarding implicit attitudes?

<p>Explicit warnings to avoid bias do not stop the effects of priming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is AMP particularly useful for exploring sensitive topics?

<p>When explicit self-reports might be unreliable (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main conclusion regarding the influence of affect on judgments?

<p>Affect can influence judgments in ways people cannot control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

AMP is a powerful tool for understanding how automatic processes shape social cognition.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a component of attention?

<p>Vividness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key role of encoding in memory?

<p>Encoding transforms external stimuli into internal representations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between the inversion effect and holistic processing?

<p>The inversion effect disrupts holistic processing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Spontaneous trait inferences are based on detailed analysis of facial features rather than immediate impressions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traits of baby-faced adults can influence judgments about their trustworthiness and competence.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main effect of salience in attention?

<p>Salience amplifies attention and influences impressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a factor that influences accessibility?

<p>Vividness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Priming is a type of unconscious influence that affects interpretation of subsequent stimuli.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between assimilation and contrast?

<p>Assimilation involves matching a stimulus to the activated category, while contrast involves opposing it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Assimilation is more likely to occur when priming is conscious and obvious.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key insights about attention and encoding?

<p>Attention determines what we focus on, and encoding transforms external stimuli into internal representations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Priming has a stronger impact on memory in the short term than in the long term.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does accessibility profoundly influence perception and memory?

<p>Accessibility determines how easily concepts come to mind, influencing our interpretations and judgments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic accessibility is primarily influenced by personal experiences and frequent activations of a particular concept.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dual Process Theories

The process of separating mental processes into two categories: automatic (fast, unconscious) and controlled (deliberate, effortful).

Impression Formation in Dual Process Theories

Focuses on how initial impressions can be dominated by stereotypes or category-based information, but can shift to person-specific details under certain conditions.

Attribution Models in Dual Process Theories

Explains how people infer others' traits or motives, acknowledging biases like the 'fundamental attribution error' (overemphasizing personal traits, ignoring situation).

Two-Stage Model (Trope, 1986)

A model where initial behavior identification is automatic, followed by controlled dispositional inference (inferring the person's underlying traits).

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Three-Stage Model (Gilbert, 1998)

A model that adds situational correction to the two-stage model, highlighting the effort needed to adjust initial judgments based on context.

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Persuasion Dual Models (ELM & HSM)

Describe when people rely on superficial cues (automatic processing) vs. in-depth argument analysis (controlled processing) in persuasion.

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MODE Model (Fazio, 1990)

Examines how motivation and opportunity influence whether our attitudes guide behavior automatically or through deliberation.

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Dissociation Model (Devine, 1989)

Highlights the automatic activation of stereotypes and the effortful rejection of prejudicial beliefs.

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Weapon Bias Research

Shows how stereotypes unconsciously influence quick decisions, revealing biases even in well-intentioned individuals.

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System 1 and System 2 Processing (Kahneman, 2003)

A generalized model that distinguishes between System 1 (intuitive, fast, automatic) and System 2 (logical, slow, deliberate).

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Process Dissociation (Jacoby, 1991)

A formalized model that quantifies the interaction of automatic and controlled processes, especially under tasks with opposing influences.

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Applications of Dual Process Theories

Addressing societal issues like prejudice through strategies like cognitive training and counter-stereotypic thinking.

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Criticisms of Dual Process Theories

Criticisms of dual process theories often focus on their reliance on conceptual frameworks without offering unique empirical predictions.

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Misattribution

The act of mistaking the source of an emotional reaction (e.g., attributing a reaction caused by a prime to something else).

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Projection

A type of misattribution where the source of the reaction is internal, but attributed externally.

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Affect

A basic emotional reaction (pleasant or unpleasant), often elicited by primes in AMP.

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Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP)

A procedure designed to measure how unconscious emotional reactions (affect) influence judgments.

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Prime

A stimulus presented to evoke an emotional response (positive or negative) in AMP.

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Target

A neutral, ambiguous stimulus presented after a prime in AMP.

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Affective Transfer

The transfer of emotional impact from the prime to the target in AMP.

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Implicit Nature of AMP

The unconscious influence of the prime on the target judgment in AMP, despite instructions to ignore the prime.

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Affective Transfer in AMP

The phenomenon of the prime's emotional impact transferring onto the target in AMP.

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Affective Transfer (AMP)

The tendency for participants to project feelings from a prime onto a neutral target in AMP.

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Attention

The mental focus or consciousness, involving selective attention.

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Encoding

The process of transforming an external stimulus into an internal representation.

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Faces and Attention

Facial expressions are readily noticed and influence social judgments in a quick, automatic process.

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Holistic Processing of Faces

The tendency to perceive faces as a whole, rather than individual features, contributing to quick recognition.

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Inversion Effect in Face Perception

The difficulty in recognizing inverted faces, disrupting the holistic processing of faces.

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Spontaneous Trait Inferences from Faces

We automatically infer traits from facial expressions, impacting judgments within milliseconds.

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Baby Faces and Social Perception

Baby-like features in adults trigger caregiving instincts, influencing perceptions of traits like warmth and naivete.

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Salience in Attention

Stimuli that stand out in their context, attracting attention and potentially leading to stronger judgments.

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Vividness in Attention

Emotionally interesting, imagery-provoking, or close in time/space stimuli that are often more memorable but not always influential.

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Accessibility

The readiness with which a category or concept comes to mind, influenced by recent, frequent, or chronic activation.

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Priming

Exposure to one stimulus influencing how we interpret subsequent stimuli, shaping perceptions and memory.

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Assimilation

The tendency to interpret a stimulus consistent with an activated category.

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Contrast

The tendency to interpret a stimulus opposite to an activated category.

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Assimilation and Contrast Conditions

Assimilation is likely when stimuli are ambiguous or priming is unconscious, while contrast is likely with obvious priming or unambiguous stimuli.

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Study Notes

Dual Process Theories Overview

  • Dual process theories categorize mental processes into automatic (quick, unconscious) and controlled (deliberate, effortful) categories.
  • Early models focused on specific phenomena like impression formation.
  • Formalized models use mathematical analysis to understand the combined roles of automatic and controlled processes.

Phenomenon-Specific Models

  • Impression Formation Models explain how stereotypes influence initial impressions but can shift to individual details under certain conditions.
  • Attribution models explain how people infer others' traits and motives, including the fundamental attribution error.
  • Two-Stage Models (Trope, 1986) involve automatic behavior identification followed by controlled dispositional inference.
  • Three-Stage Models (Gilbert, 1998) add situational correction to initial judgments, emphasizing cognitive effort.

Persuasion Dual Models

  • Models like ELM (Elaboration Likelihood Model) and HSM (Heuristic-Systematic Model) detail when people rely on superficial cues (automatic processing) or in-depth argument analysis (controlled processing).

Attitude-Behavior Models

  • The MODE Model (Fazio, 1990) explains how motivation and opportunity influence whether attitudes guide behavior automatically or deliberately.

Prejudice and Stereotyping

  • Dissociation Model (Devine, 1989) highlights automatic stereotype activation and effortful prejudice rejection.
  • Research on weapon bias shows that stereotypes can influence split-second decisions, even in well-intentioned individuals.

Generalized Dual Models

  • System 1 and System 2 Processing (Kahneman, 2003) distinguish between intuitive, fast, automatic System 1 and logical, slow, deliberate System 2.

Affect Misattribution Procedure (AMP)

  • Misattribution: Mistaking the source of an emotional reaction (e.g., attributing a reaction to the wrong cause).
  • Projection: Attributing an internal reaction to an external source; feeling nervous and attributing it to someone else.
  • Affect: A basic emotional response (pleasant or unpleasant).
  • AMP reveals implicit attitudes, even if people don't consciously admit to them.
  • Warnings about bias in AMP don't stop priming effects.
  • Judgments using AMP are often quick and automatic, bypassing deliberate thought.
  • Participants are usually unaware of the influence of the prime.

Attention and Encoding

  • Attention: The focus of consciousness; selective and effortful.
  • Two Components of Attention: Direction (what you focus on) and Intensity (the mental effort involved).
  • Encoding: Transforming an external stimulus into internal representation; influencing how we interpret, store, and recall information.
  • Faces: Automatically noticed, with direct gaze grabbing more attention than averted gaze.
  • Holistic Processing (Faces): Perceiving faces as a whole, not individual parts.
  • Inversion Effect: Finding inverted faces harder to recognize because it disrupts holistic processing.
  • Spontaneous Trait Inferences: Quickly inferring traits from facial expressions.

Accessibility

  • Definition: How readily a concept or category comes to mind.
  • Influences: Recency (recent activation), frequency (repeated activation), and priming (exposure to one stimulus influencing interpretation of subsequent stimuli).
  • Chronic Accessibility: Concepts easily accessible due to frequent activation or personal history.

Assimilation vs. Contrast

  • Assimilation: Interpreting a stimulus consistently with an activated category.
  • Contrast: Interpreting a stimulus as opposite to an activated category.
  • Conditions: Assimilation is likely when stimuli are ambiguous or priming is subconscious; contrast occurs when priming is obvious or the stimulus is unambiguous.

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Dual Process Theories and Affect Misattribution PDF

Description

This quiz explores dual process theories, examining the distinction between automatic and controlled mental processes. It delves into specific models like impression formation and attribution, highlighting their cognitive implications. Participants will engage with concepts such as the fundamental attribution error and persuasive models.

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